Volume 2, Slice 2 Part 1 (2/2)
However that may be, on the death of the latter (10th of July 1480) he again added Anjou to the royal domain.
Later, King Francis I. again gave the duchy as an appanage to his mother, Louise of Savoy, by letters patent of the 4th of February 1515.
On her death, in September 1531, the duchy returned into the king's possession. In 1552 it was given as an appanage by Henry II. to his son Henry of Valois, who, on becoming king in 1574, with the t.i.tle of Henry III., conceded it to his brother Francis, duke of Alencon, at the treaty of Beaulieu near Loches (6th of May 1576). Francis died on the 10th of June 1584, and the vacant appanage definitively became part of the royal domain.
At first Anjou was included in the _gouvernement_ (or military command) of Orleanais, but in the 17th century was made into a separate one.
Saumur, however, and the Saumurois, for which King Henry IV. had in 1589 created an independent military governor-generals.h.i.+p in favour of Duplessis-Mornay, continued till the Revolution to form a separate _gouvernement_, which included, besides Anjou, portions of Poitou and Mirebalais. Attached to the _generalite_ (administrative circ.u.mscription) of Tours, Anjou on the eve of the Revolution comprised five _elections_ (judicial districts):--Angers, Beauge, Saumur, Chateau-Gontier, Montreuil-Bellay and part of the _elections_ of La Fleche and Richelieu.
Financially it formed part of the so-called _pays de grande gabelle_ (see GABELLE), and comprised sixteen special tribunals, or _greniers a sel_ (salt warehouses):--Angers, Beauge, Beaufort, Bourgueil, Cande, Chateau-Gontier, Cholet, Craon, La Fleche, Saint-Florent-le-Vieil, Ingrandes, Le Lude, Pouance, Saint-Remy-la-Varenne, Richelieu, Saumur.
From the point of view of purely judicial administration, Anjou was subject to the parlement of Paris; Angers was the seat of a presidial court, of which the jurisdiction comprised the _senechaussees_ of Angers, Saumur, Beauge, Beaufort and the duchy of Richelieu; there were besides presidial courts at Chateau-Gontier and La Fleche. When the Const.i.tuent a.s.sembly, on the 26th of February 1790, decreed the division of France into departments, Anjou and the Saumurois, with the exception of certain territories, formed the department of Maine-et-Loire, as at present const.i.tuted.
AUTHORITIES.--(1) _Princ.i.p.al Sources_: The history of Anjou may be told partly with the aid of the chroniclers of the neighbouring provinces, especially those of Normandy (William of Poitiers, William of Jumieges, Ordericus Vitalis) and of Maine (especially _Actus pontific.u.m Cenomannis in urbe degentium_). For the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries especially, there are some important texts dealing entirely with Anjou. The most important is the chronicle called _Gesta consulum Andegavorum_, of which only a poor edition exists (_Chroniques des comtes d'Anjou_, published by Marchegay and Salmon, with an introduction by E. Mabille, Paris, 1856-1871, collection of the _Societe de l'histoire de France_). See also with reference to this text Louis Halphen, _etude sur les chroniques des comtes d'Anjou et des seigneurs d'Amboise_ (Paris, 1906). The above may be supplemented by some valuable annals published by Louis Halphen, _Recueil d'annales angevines et vendomoises_ (Paris, 1903), (in the series _Collection de textes pour servir a l'etude et a l'enseignement de l'histoire_). For further details see Auguste Molinier, _Les Sources de l'histoire de France_ (Paris, 1902), ii. 1276-1310, and the book of Louis Halphen mentioned below.
(2) _Works_: The _Art de verifier les dates_ contains a history of Anjou which is very much out of date, but has not been treated elsewhere as a whole. The 11th century only has been treated in detail by Louis Halphen, in _Le Comte d'Anjou au XI^e siecle_ (Paris, 1906), which has a preface with bibliography and an introduction dealing with the history of Anjou in the 10th century. For the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries, a good summary will be found in Kate Norgate, _England under the Angevin Kings_ (2 vols., London, 1887). On Rene of Anjou, there is a book by A. Lecoy de la Marche, _Le Roi Rene_ (2 vols., Paris, 1875). Lastly, the work of Celestin Port, _Dictionnaire historique, geographique et biographique de Maine-et-Loire_ (3 vols., Paris and Angers, 1874-1878), and its small volume of _Preliminaires_ (including a summary of the history of Anjou), contain, in addition to the biographies of the chief counts of Anjou, a ma.s.s of information concerning everything connected with Angevin history. (L. H.*)
ANKERITE, a member of the mineral group of rhombohedral carbonates. In composition it is closely related to dolomite, but differs from this in having magnesia replaced by varying amounts of ferrous and manganous oxides, the general formula being Ca(Mg, Fe, Mn)(CO3)2. Normal ankerite is Ca2MgFe(CO3)4. The crystallographic and physical characters resemble those of dolomite and chalybite. The angle between the perfect rhombohedral cleavages is 73 48', the hardness 3 to 4, and the specific gravity 2.9 to 3.1; but these will vary slightly with the chemical composition. The colour is white, grey or reddish.
Ankerite occurs with chalybite in deposits of iron-ore. It is one of the minerals of the dolomite-chalybite series, to which the terms brown-spar, pearl-spar and bitter-spar are loosely applied. It was first recognized as a distinct species by W. von Haidinger in 1825, and named by him after M.J. Anker of Styria. (L. J. S.)
ANKLAM, or ANCLAM, a town of Germany in the Prussian province of Pomerania, on the Peene, 5 m. from its mouth in the Kleines Haff, and 53 m. N.W. of Stettin, by the railway to Stralsund. Pop. (1900) 14,602. The fortifications of Anklam were dismantled in 1762 and have not since been restored, although the old walls are still standing; formerly, however, it was a town of considerable military importance, which suffered severely during the Thirty Years' and the Seven Years' Wars; and this fact, together with the repeated ravages of fire and of the plague, has made its history more eventful than is usually the case with towns of the same size. It does not possess any remarkable buildings, although it contains several, private as well as public, that are of a quaint and picturesque style of architecture. The church of St Mary (12th century) has a modern tower, 335 ft. high. The industries consist of iron-foundries and factories for sugar and soap; and there is a military school. The Peene is navigable up to the town, which has a considerable trade in its own manufactures, as well as in the produce of the surrounding country, while some s.h.i.+pbuilding is carried on in wharves on the river.
Anklam, formerly Tanglim, was originally a Slav fortress; it obtained civic rights in 1244 and joined the Hanseatic league. In 1648 it pa.s.sed to Sweden, but in 1676 was retaken by Frederick William I. of Brandenburg, and after being plundered by the Russians in 1713 was ceded to Prussia by the peace of Stockholm in 1720.
ANKLE, or ANCLE (a word common, in various forms, to Teutonic languages, probably connected in origin with the Lat. _angulus_, or Gr. [Greek: ankulos], bent), the joint which connects the foot with the leg (see JOINTS).
ANKOBER, a town in, and at one time capital of, the kingdom of Shoa, Abyssinia, 90 m. N.E. of Adis Ababa, in 9 34' N., 39 54' E., on a mountain about 8500 ft. above the sea. Ankober was made (c. 1890) by Menelek II. the place of detention of political prisoners. Pop. about 2000.
ANKYLOSIS, or ANCHYLOSIS (from Gr. [Greek: ankulos], bent, crooked), a stiffness of a joint, the result of injury or disease. The rigidity may be complete or partial and may be due to inflammation of the tendinous or muscular structures outside the joint or of the tissues of the joint itself. When the structures outside the joint are affected, the term ”false” ankylosis has been used in contradistinction to ”true”
ankylosis, in which the disease is within the joint. When inflammation has caused the joint-ends of the bones to be fused together the ankylosis is termed _osseous_ or complete. Excision of a completely ankylosed shoulder or elbow may restore free mobility and usefulness to the limb. ”Ankylosis” is also used as an anatomical term, bones being said to ankylose (or anchylose) when, from being originally distinct, they coalesce, or become so joined together that no motion can take place between them.
ANKYLOSTOMIASIS, or ANCHYLOSTOMIASIS (also called helminthiasis, ”miners' anaemia,” and in Germany _Wurmkrankheit_), a disease to which in recent years much attention has been paid, from its prevalence in the mining industry in England, France, Germany, Belgium, North Queensland and elsewhere. This disease (apparently known in Egypt even in very ancient times) caused a great mortality among the negroes in the West Indies towards the end of the 18th century; and through descriptions sent from Brazil and various other tropical and sub-tropical regions, it was subsequently identified, chiefly through the labours of Bilharz and Griesinger in Egypt (1854), as being due to the presence in the intestine of nematoid worms (_Ankylostoma duodenalis_) from one-third to half an inch long. The symptoms, as first observed among the negroes, were pain in the stomach, capricious appet.i.te, pica (or dirt-eating), obstinate constipation followed by diarrhoea, palpitations, small and unsteady pulse, coldness of the skin, pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, diminution of the secretions, loss of strength and, in cases running a fatal course, dysentery, haemorrhages and dropsies. The parasites, which cling to the intestinal mucous membrane, draw their nourishment from the blood-vessels of their host, and as they are found in hundreds in the body after death, the disorders of digestion, the increasing anaemia and the consequent dropsies and other cachectic symptoms are easily explained. The disease was first known in Europe among the Italian workmen employed on the St Gotthard tunnel. In 1896, though previously unreported in Germany, 107 cases were registered there, and the number rose to 295 in 1900, and 1030 in 1901. In England an outbreak at the Dolcoath mine, Cornwall, in 1902, led to an investigation for the home office by Dr Haldane F.R.S. (see especially the Parliamentary Paper, numbered Cd. 1843), and since then discussions and inquiries have been frequent. A committee of the British a.s.sociation in 1904 issued a valuable report on the subject. After the Spanish-American War American physicians had also given it their attention, with valuable results; see Stiles (_Hygienic Laboratory Bulletin_, No. 10, Was.h.i.+ngton, 1903). The American parasite described by Stiles, and called _Uncinaria americana_ (whence the name Uncinariasis for this disease) differs slightly from the Ankylostoma. The parasites thrive in an environment of dirt, and the main lines of precaution are those dictated by sanitary science. Malefern, santonine, thymol and other anthelmintic remedies are prescribed.
ANNA, BALDASARRE, a painter who flourished during part of the 16th and 17th centuries. He was born at Venice, probably about 1560, and is said to have been of Flemish descent. The date of his death is uncertain, but he seems to have been alive in 1639. For a number of years he studied under Leonardo Corona, and on the death of that painter completed several works left unfinished by him. His own activity seems to have been confined to the production of pieces for several of the churches and a few private houses in Venice, and the old guide-books and descriptions of the city notice a considerable number of paintings by him. Scarcely any of these, however, have survived.
ANNA (Hindustani _ana_), an Indian penny, the sixteenth part of a rupee.
The term belongs to the Mahommedan monetary system (see RUPEE). There is no coin of one anna, but there are half-annas of copper and two-anna pieces of silver. The term anna is frequently used to express a fraction. Thus an Anglo-Indian speaks of two annas of dark blood (an octoroon), a four-anna (quarter) crop, an eight-anna (half) gallop.
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