Part 7 (1/2)

He who made the first actual machine to evolve a current in compliance with Faraday's formulated laas an Italian nanet set on a shaft, and made to revolve in front of two cores of, soft iron wound ire, and having their ends opposite the legs of the net Shortly after Pixu, the inventors of the tinet on a shaft, and turned the iron cores instead, because they were lighter In like nets of a modern dynamo are not whirled round a stationary arnet with very great rapidity The next step was to increase the nunets and the nunets were nets were laid together, with opposite poles touching These were all coard as having been toys whose present results were rather long in co

[Illustration: THE SIEMENS' ARMATURE AND WINDING THE FIRST STEP TOWARD THE MODERN DYNAMO]

Then came Siemens, of Berlin, in 1857 He was probably the first to wind the iron core,call the _arthwise_, instead of round and round as a spool This resulted, of course, in the shaft of the arnet, as it is in the modern dyna was fastened to the axle of the ar insulated fro on the shaft and the other on the ring, carried away the current through wires attached to theinated the net on the inside for the ar It was the first tis had been done, and their author probably had no idea that they would be prominent features of the dynamo of a little later time, in all essentials closely imitated

[Illustration: DIAGRAM OF SHAFT, SPLIT RING AND ”BRUSHES”]

It will be guessed from what has been previously said on the subject of induction that the currents fro currents, the i each other in alternate directions To remedy this and cause the currents to floays in the sa s both bore upon it, one on each side The ends of the wires were both fastened to this ring The springs came to be known as ”brushes” The effect was that one of them was in the insulated space between the split halves of the ring while the other was bearing on the metal to which the as attached This action was alternate, and so arranged that the current carried aas always direct When an ar of more than one wire, as the practical dyna is divided into as many pieces as there are wires, and the two brushes act as above for the entire series

Pacinotti, of Florence, constructed a neto-electric machine in which the current floays in one direction without a co armature_, and is the mother of all dynaenious in construction, and for certain purposes in the arts is extensively used

A description of it is too technical to interest others than those personally interested in the class of dynaland, i that which is the feature that net” of theHe caused the current, after it had been rectified by the cos of his field ranetism, and this of course intensified the current froneto-electric machine, hich he evolved a current for the coil around the legs of the field er machine upon which he depended for his actual current, and that he did not know, although he was practically doing the sa, that if he should divert this current h the coils of its field net, he would not need the extra small machine at all, and would have a much more powerful current

[Illustration: SIMPLEST FORM OF DYNAMO]

And here arises a difference and a change of naneto-electric_” because they used _perenerate a current by the whirling of the bobbin whichcall an armature The time came, led to by the inets were no longer used Then theoff one word, according to our custom, ”_dynamo_”

Siemens and Wheatstone almost simultaneously invented so much of the dynamo as was yet incos of a horseshoe net--of soft iron, so, possess very little enerate a very weak current in the coils, windings, of the ar through the windings of the field nets, and the effect is to evolve a still stronger current in the ar iron fieldsome thousands of pounds, is then the sanet, which would hardly be possible at all One who has watched the installation of a dyna that there is nowhere near any ordinary source of electricity, and has seen its arin to whirl and hus of the brushes and the evident presence of a powerful current of electricity, is alenius ofIt is true that a _starting_ quantity of electricity is required It exists in almost every piece of iron Soalvanic battery are used to pass a current through the coils of the field netise to make a dynamo efficient after a few moments operation

[Illustration: PACINOTTI'S RING-ARMATURE DYNAMO]

This is the dynamo in principle of action The varieties in construction now in use number scores, perhaps hundreds Some of them are monsters in size, and evolve a current that is terrific They are all essentially the sa for action upon the laws illustrated in the simplest experiment in induced electricity One of the best known of the modern machines is Edison's, represented in the picture at the head of this article In it the field neto-electric uishable to the unskilled observer It is not even solid, but is s are hollowed at the ends to admit closely the armature which turns there There are valuable peculiarities in its construction, which, while co in all respects with the dynamo principle, utilize those principles to the best e So do others, in other respects that did not occur even to Edison, or were not adopted by him Probably the modern dynamo is the most efficient, the most accurately measurable, the least wasteful of its power, and the eable, of any power-machine so far constructed by man for daily use

The motor--This is the twin of the dynamo In all essentials the two are of the saes of arnet, makes of the one a dynamo and of the other a motor

Nevertheless, they are separate studies in electrical science Practice has brought about modified constructions, as in the case of the dynamo

The differences between the two machines, and their sieneral brief statement

_It is the work of the dynay into the fores this electrical energy back again into ht is produced by the dynamo current no ht byan impediment, a restriction, a narrowness, interposed to its free passage on a conducting wire, as heretofore explained, very les at a narrow place or an obstruction

Where mechanical movements are to be produced by the dynamo current the motor is always the intermediate machine In the dyna an electrical energy in the form of a powerful current transmitted by a wire In the motor the armature, in turn, _is rotated by_ this current It is but another instance of that ability to work backwards--to reverse a process--that seems to pervade all machines, and almost all processes I have mentioned stea of coal and expenditure ofthe dynamo current The dynamo and motor are not necessarily economical inventions, but the opposite when the force produced is to be transy that has already been produced by the burning of coal and theof steam Across miles of space, and into places where steaestions of this convenience--stated cases--it is not necessary to cite The fact is a prominent one, to be noted everywhere

And it may be made a mechanical economy The ara as a turbine water-pohich to whirl the ar the power thus obtained upon ht and the trans cities

The discovery of the possibility of transain into e story of the human blindness that al power, a prescience, that is the characteristic of humanity alone, but which so often stops short of results This discovery has been attributed to accident alone; the accident of an e their ends in the wrong places But a French electrician thus describes the occurrence as within his own experience

His name is Hypolyte Fontaine

But let us first advert to the forgetfulness of the man who really invented the machine that was capable of the opposite action of both dynamo and motor This was the Italian, Pacinotti [Footnote: Moses G

Farent electrical researches, is claimed to have made the first reversible motor ever contrived A s the electro-dynao in 1893 If the genealogy of this machine res to this country, and to an American] He enerate a current of electricity on the application of motive power to its ar it with a source of electricity Yet it did not occur to him to definitely experiment with two of histhat which in less than twenty years has revolutionized our ideas and practice in transest that two of his enerator and the other as a es with the facilities for it, of his own creation, in his hands

M Fontaine states that at the Vienna Exposition of 1873 there was a Gramme machine intended to be operated by a pri worked by a current, and, as there was also a secondone These two e of capacity as _separately worked_, one by power, the other with a battery There was, then, no intention of coupling thegestion almost unavoidable The dynamo and motor had not occurred to any one But M Fontaine states that he failed to get the pri, and was troubled by the dilemma Then the idea occurred to him, as he could do no better, to work one of the machines with a current ”deprived,” partly stolen, from the other, as a temporary measure A friend lent him the necessary piece of wire, and he connected the two machines Theapparatus, and when the enerator started, and this make-shi+ft, te orous than was intended that the water was thrown over the sides of the tank Fontaine was forced to re an additional wire of such length that its resistance permitted the motor to work more mildly and throw less water This accidentally established the fact of distance, convenience, a revolution in the power of the industrial world Fontaine states that Gra with his machines The idea was never patented Neither Pacinotti, who invented the reat names of modern electricity, nor this skilled practical electrician, Fontaine, who had charge of the exhibit of the Gramme system at Vienna, considered the fact of the transreat distance as one of value to its inventor or to the industries of mankind With the motor and the dynaether after all

Itof the efforts of men to utilize the power of the electrical current in mechanics before the day of the dynaht was an infant in the nursery of the laboratory They knew then, about 1835 to 1870, of the laws of induction as applied to the electro- power, so called, of the ement embodied, as a fa list of those inventors, American and European The first patent issued for an American electro-motor was in 1837, to a man named Thomas Davenport, of Brandon, Vt He was a man far ahead of his tifield, Mass, in 1835, and considering the means, whose inadequacy is now better understood by any reader of these lines than it then was by the deepest student of electricity, this first railroad was a success Davenport ca the problem of an electric motor as was possible without the invention of Pacinotti

Following this there were neticin all parts of the country, north and south

One was e, of the Smithsonian Institute, in which the er, being pulled into the space where the core would be in an ordinary electro- a crank [Footnote: The _National Intelligencer_, a proe's netic action will have dethroned steam and will be the adopted motor,” etc This was an enthusiasm not based upon any fact then known about a machine not even in the line of the present facts of electro-dynaed, in 1850, to have developed ten horse power It was actually applied to outdoor experiment as a car-motor on an actual railroad track, and was efficient for several miles But it carried with it its battery-cells, and they were disarranged and stirred by the jolting, and being made of crockeryere broken The chemicals cost much more than fuel for steam, and there could be no econoe toy, as the entire sum of electrical science was until it was raph, and long after that date the use of the electro-ain the current at proper intervals, which was the one principle of all attempts, was a repeated and invariable failure That which anted and lacking was not known, and was finally discovered and successively developed as has been described