Part 7 (1/2)
Chu I, like K'uei Hsing, is invoked by the _literati_ as a powerful protector and aid to success. When anyone with but a poor chance of pa.s.sing presents himself at an examination, his friends encourage him by the popular saying: ”Who knows but that Mr Redcoat will nod his head?”
Mr Golden Cuira.s.s
Chu I is sometimes accompanied by another personage, named Chin Chia, 'Mr Golden Cuira.s.s.' Like K'uei Hsing and Chu I he has charge of the interests of scholars, but differs from them in that he holds a flag, which he has only to wave in front of a house for the family inhabiting it to be a.s.sured that among their descendants will be some who will win literary honours and be promoted to high offices under the State.
Though Chin Chia is the protector of scholars, he is also the redoubtable avenger of their evil actions: his flag is saluted as a good omen, but his sword is the terror of the wicked.
The G.o.d of War
Still another patron deity of literature is the G.o.d of War. ”How,”
it may be asked, ”can so peaceful a people as the Chinese put so peaceful an occupation as literature under the patronage of so warlike a deity as the G.o.d of War?” But that question betrays ignorance of the character of the Chinese Kuan Ti. He is not a cruel tyrant delighting in battle and the slaying of enemies: he is the G.o.d who can _avert war and protect the people from its horrors_.
A youth, whose name was originally Chang-sheng, afterward changed to Shou-chang, and then to Yun-chang, who was born near Chieh Liang, in Ho Tung (now the town of Chieh Chou in Shansi), and was of an intractable nature, having exasperated his parents, was shut up in a room from which he escaped by breaking through the window. In one of the neighbouring houses he heard a young lady and an old man weeping and lamenting. Running to the foot of the wall of the compound, he inquired the reason of their grief. The old man replied that though his daughter was already engaged, the uncle of the local official, smitten by her beauty, wished to make her his concubine. His pet.i.tions to the official had only been rejected with curses.
Beside himself with rage, the youth seized a sword and went and killed both the official and his uncle. He escaped through the T'ung Kuan, the pa.s.s to Shensi. Having with difficulty avoided capture by the barrier officials, he knelt down at the side of a brook to wash his face; when lo! his appearance was completely transformed. His complexion had become reddish-grey, and he was absolutely unrecognizable. He then presented himself with a.s.surance before the officers, who asked him his name. ”My name is Kuan,” he replied. It was by that name that he was thereafter known.
The Meat-seller's Challenge
One day he arrived at Chu-chou, a dependent sub-prefecture of Peking, in Chihli. There Chang Fei, a butcher, who had been selling his meat all the morning, at noon lowered what remained into a well, placed over the mouth of the well a stone weighing twenty-five pounds, and said with a sneer: ”If anyone can lift that stone and take my meat, I will make him a present of it!” Kuan Yu, going up to the edge of the well, lifted the stone with the same ease as he would a tile, took the meat, and made off. Chang Fei pursued him, and eventually the two came to blows, but no one dared to separate them. Just then Liu Pei, a hawker of straw shoes, arrived, interposed, and put a stop to the fight. The community of ideas which they found they possessed soon gave rise to a firm friends.h.i.+p between the three men.
The Oath in the Peach-orchard
Another account represents Liu Pei and Chang Fei as having entered a village inn to drink wine, when a man of gigantic stature pus.h.i.+ng a wheelbarrow stopped at the door to rest. As he seated himself, he hailed the waiter, saying: ”Bring me some wine quickly, because I have to hasten to reach the town to enlist in the army.”
Liu Pei looked at this man, nine feet in height, with a beard two feet long. His face was the colour of the fruit of the jujube-tree, and his lips carmine. Eyebrows like sleeping silkworms shaded his phoenix eyes, which were a scarlet red. Terrible indeed was his bearing.
”What is your name?” asked Liu Pei. ”My family name is Kuan, my own name is Yu, my surname Yun Chang,” he replied. ”I am from the Ho Tung country. For the last five or six years I have been wandering about the world as a fugitive, to escape from my pursuers, because I killed a powerful man of my country who was oppressing the poor people. I hear that they are collecting a body of troops to crush the brigands, and I should like to join the expedition.”
Chang Fei, also named Chang I Te, is described as eight feet in height, with round s.h.i.+ning eyes in a panther's head, and a pointed chin bristling with a tiger's beard. His voice resembled the rumbling of thunder. His ardour was like that of a fiery steed. He was a native of Cho Chun, where he possessed some fertile farms, and was a butcher and wine-merchant.
Liu Pei, surnamed Hsuan Te, otherwise Hsien Chu, was the third member of the group.
The three men went to Chang Fei's farm, and on the morrow met together in his peach-orchard, and sealed their friends.h.i.+p with an oath. Having procured a black ox and a white horse, with the various accessories to a sacrifice, they immolated the victims, burnt the incense of friends.h.i.+p, and after twice prostrating themselves took this oath:
”We three, Liu Pei, Kuan Y, and Chang Fei, already united by mutual friends.h.i.+p, although belonging to different clans, now bind ourselves by the union of our hearts, and join our forces in order to help each other in times of danger.
”We wish to pay to the State our debt of loyal citizens and give peace to our black-haired compatriots. We do not inquire if we were born in the same year, the same month, or on the same day, but we desire only that the same year, the same month, and the same day may find us united in death. May Heaven our King and Earth our Queen see clearly our hearts! If any one of us violate justice or forget benefits, may Heaven and Man unite to punish him!”
The oath having been formally taken, Liu Pei was saluted as elder brother, Kuan Yu as the second, and Chang Fei as the youngest. Their sacrifice to Heaven and earth ended, they killed an ox and served a feast, to which the soldiers of the district were invited to the number of three hundred or more. They all drank copiously until they were intoxicated. Liu Pei enrolled the peasants; Chang Fei procured for them horses and arms; and then they set out to make war on the Yellow Turbans (Huang Chin Tsei). Kuan Yu proved himself worthy of the affection which Liu Pei showed him; brave and generous, he never turned aside from danger. His fidelity was shown especially on one occasion when, having been taken prisoner by Ts'ao Ts'ao, together with two of Liu Pei's wives, and having been allotted a common sleeping-apartment with his fellow-captives, he preserved the ladies'
reputation and his own trustworthiness by standing all night at the door of the room with a lighted lantern in his hand.
Into details of the various exploits of the three Brothers of the Peach-orchard we need not enter here. They are written in full in the book of the _Story of the Three Kingdoms_, a romance in which every Chinese who can read takes keen delight. Kuan Yu remained faithful to his oath, even though tempted with a marquisate by the great Ts'ao Ts'ao, but he was at length captured by Sun Ch'uan and put to death (A.D. 219). Long celebrated as the most renowned of China's military heroes, he was enn.o.bled in A.D. 1120 as Faithful and Loyal Duke. Eight years later he had conferred on him by letters patent the still more glorious t.i.tle of Magnificent Prince and Pacificator. The Emperor Wen (A.D. 1330-3) of the Yuan dynasty added the appellation Warrior Prince and Civilizer, and, finally, the Emperor Wan Li of the Ming dynasty, in 1594, conferred on him the t.i.tle of Faithful and Loyal Great _Ti_, Supporter of Heaven and Protector of the Kingdom. He thus became a G.o.d, a _ti_, and has ever since received wors.h.i.+p as Kuan Ti or Wu Ti, the G.o.d of War. Temples (1600 State temples and thousands of smaller ones) erected in his honour are to be seen in all parts of the country. He is one of the most popular G.o.ds of China. During the last half-century of the Manchu Period his fame greatly increased. In 1856 he is said to have appeared in the heavens and successfully turned the tide of battle in favour of the Imperialists. His portrait hangs in every tent, but his wors.h.i.+p is not confined to the officials and the army, for many trades and professions have elected him as a patron saint. The sword of the public executioner used to be kept within the precincts of his temple, and after an execution the presiding magistrate would stop there to wors.h.i.+p for fear the ghost of the criminal might follow him home. He knew that the spirit would not dare to enter Kuan Ti's presence.
Thus the Chinese have no fewer than three G.o.ds of literature--perhaps not too many for so literary a people. A fourth, a Taoist G.o.d, will be mentioned later.