Part 10 (1/2)

But when the enorression reached the ears of the Masters of the University they ca first suspended entirely all lectures and debates, and strenuously de For it seeht an occasion as the transgression of certain conteainst the whole university; but let hiression be the one to suffer the penalty

But when finally every sort of justice had been refused theate, as well as by the Bishop, there took place a universal withdrawal of the Masters and a scattering of the Scholars, the instruction of the Masters and the training of the pupils co to an end, so that not one person of note out of them all remained in the city And the city which ont to boast of her clerks now re, the clerks betook theer cities in various districts But the largest part of theers for their university instruction Thus, then, withdrawing from the City of Paris, the nurse of Philosophy and the foster ate and cursed the woance of the Queen, nay, also, their infah the efforts of discreet persons, it orked out that, certain things being done to meet the situation as required by the faults on both sides, peace was made up between the clerks and citizens and the whole body of scholars was recalled[47]

Not infrequently a university which had decreed a cessation was invited to establish itself elsewhere The cessation at Paris in 1229 was followed by an urgent invitation fro to the Masters and the whole body of scholars at Paris Hu tribulations and distresses which you have suffered at Paris under an unjust laish by our pious aid, with reverence to God and His holy church, to restore your status to its proper condition of liberty Wherefore we have concluded to make known to your entire body that if it shall be your pleasure to transfer yourselves to our kingdoland and to ren to you cities, boroughs, tohatsoever youill cause you to rejoice in a state of liberty and tranquillity which should please God and fully meet your needs

In testi, July 16 [1229][48]

(e) _The Right of Teaching everywhere_ (Jus ubique docendi)

Masters and Doctors of the three leading universities, Paris, Bologna, and Oxford, were early recognized as qualified to teach anywhere without further exaiven at those institutions Their degrees were in strictness merely licenses to teach within the dioceses in which they were granted The recognition of these licenses elsewhere grew up as a matter of custom, not by any express authorization At least one other university (Padua, founded 1222) acquired the privilege in the same way Later universities,--or the cities in which they were established,--desiring to gain equal prestige for their graduates, obtained from the Pope or fro upon thena formally received it froained ground that _the jus ubique docendi_ was of the essence of a Studium Generale, and that no school which did not possess it could obtain it without a Bull from Emperor or Pope” ”It was usually but not quite invariably, conferred in express terinal foundation-bulls; and was apparently understood to be involved in the mere act of erection even in the rare cases where it is not expressly conceded”[49] In practice, the graduates of almost all universities where subject to further exa ad universities enerally received without such test The privilege isthe rank of a school as a Studiuher education, in which instruction was given, by a considerable number of y, Law, and Medicine, and to which students were attracted, or at least invited, fro the _jus ubique docendi_ to Paris (Pope Nicholas IV, 1292) is here printed, although it is not the earliest example; a similar Bull was issued for Toulouse as early as 1233 The rhetorical introduction is o, therefore, that the students in the field of knowledge in the city of Paris, may be stimulated to strive for the reward of a Mastershi+p, and may be able to instruct, in the Faculties in which they have deserved to be adorned with a Master's chair, all those who come from all sides,--we decree, by this present letter, that whoever of our University in the aforesaid city shall have been exah whoht to lecture is custo to the custom heretofore observed there,--and who shall have froy, or Canon Law, or Medicine, or the Liberal Arts,--shall thenceforward have authority to teach everywhere outside of the aforesaid city, free from examination or test, either public or private, or any other new regulation as to lecturing or teaching Nor shall he be prohibited by anyone, all other custo; and whether he wishes to lecture or not in the Faculties referred to, he shall nevertheless be regarded as a Doctor[50]

(f) _Privileges granted by a Municipality_

Not infrequently es to universities and their nized the co froates, and made substantial concessions to retain theht befrom some other city Instances of the latter kind are nues included very aal jurisdiction by the Rector of the university in cases affecting scholars, payment of professors' salaries by the city, exemption frouarantees against extortionate prices for food and other necessaries

1 The following exa many others in the statutes of the city of Padua:

The town of Padua binds itself toto the quality of the scholars, upon good and sufficient securities or bonds worth a third more than the loan, and upon the oath and promise of the scholars that they accept the loan on their own account and for their own use intheir personal expenses and not for any other person or persons or for the use of others (1260 AD)

Every six istrate of Padua shall appoint two es or laymen at the will of the Rector of the scholars--who shall have charge of the town's money that is to be loaned to the scholars And they shall, in the name of the town, make loans to the scholars in accordance with the statutes and the agreement of the scholars, and at their own risk entirely, so that the town of Padua shall not incur loss And the ood and sufficient security as to this (1268)

Scholars shall be regarded as citizens with regard to ard to eous to them (1261)

Scholars shall not be required to pay the _tolloneuates) (1262)[51]

2 A generation preceding the date of these statutes a large part of the university, dissatisfied with its treatrated to Vercelli, more than one hundred and fifty miles away The contract (1228 AD) between the rectors of the university and the proctors representing the town contains nu:

Likewise the aforesaid proctors have promised in the name of the town of Vercelli that the toill loan to the scholars, and to the university of scholars, the sum of ten thousand pounds, papal money, at the rate of two pence for two years, and thereafter three pence for six years [under proper security The customary rate seems to have been four pence]Likewise, when a scholar shall have paid the money loaned to him, the town of Vercelli will retain that amount in the common treasury as principal, and froreement and similar conditionsLikewise, the town of Vercelli will not allow provisions within the town limits to be withdrawn from their markets [in order to raise the price?] but will cause theood faith, and will cause them to be put on sale twice a week [Also one thousand bushels of grain shall be put in the city granary and sold to scholars at cost in time of need]Likewise the town of Vercelli shall provide salaries [for professors] which shall be deemed coree the Bishop shall decide the ian, three Masters of Lao Decretists, two Decretalists, two teachers of Natural Philosophy, two Logicians, and two Grammarians [These professors shall be chosen by the rectors of the university The toill send out at its own expense] trustworthy ood faith, and in the interests of the university of Vercelli, seek out the chosen Masters and Teachers, and shall use their best endeavors to bind them to lecture in the city of Vercelli [The toill preserve peace within its borders, will consider scholars and their hts of citizens, and will respect the legal jurisdiction of the rectors, except in criminal and other specially mentioned cases]

Likewise, the town of Vercelli will provide two copyists, through whom it will undertake to furnish men able to supply to the scholars copies in both kinds of Law [Civil and Canon] and in Theology, which shall be satisfactory and accurate both in text and in glosses, and the students shall pay for their copies [no extortionate prices but] a rate based on the estimate of the rectors [of the university]

Likewise, the scholars or their representatives shall not pay the tributes in the district of Vercelli which belong and accrue to the town of Vercelli The Podesta [Chief Magistrate] and the town itself shall be bound to send, throughout the cities of Italy and elsewhere, (as shall seem expedient to them) notice that a university has been established at Vercelli, and to invite scholars to come to the University of Vercelli[52]

The whole contract was made a part of the city statutes and was to be in force for eight years

(g) _The Influence of Mediaeval Privileges on Modern Universities_

There is no question that the long series of privileges granted to mediaeval universities influences the university life of to-day Out of many illustrations of this fact two are here cited as affecting Aher education The reader will observe in these paragraphs froe and Brown University the familiar exemption of corporate property from taxation, and the exemption of persons connected with these institutions not only from taxes, but also from other public duties The charter of Brown University refers explicitly to European university privileges Both of these charters, with some amendments, are still in force

And, further, be it ordered by this Court and the authority thereof, that all the lands, tenements, or hereditaments, houses, or revenues, within this jurisdiction, to the aforesaid President or College appertaining, not exceeding the value of five hundred pounds per annum, shall from henceforth be freed frooods to the said Corporation, or to any scholars thereof, appertaining, shall be exempted from all manner of toll, customs, and excise whatsoever; and that the said President, Fellows, and scholars, together with the servants, and other necessary officers to the said President or College appertaining, not exceeding ten,--viz three to the President and seven to the College belonging,--shall be exempted from all personal civil offices, s; and such of their estates, not exceeding one hundred pounds a man, shall be free from all country taxes or rates whatsoever, and none others[53]