Part 2 (1/2)
Busbus is wholly occupied by Moros. Its houses are dilapidated nipa huts built on piles over the water. Back of the town is a marsh which extends a little way toward the base of the hills. The water from the marsh escapes into the bay by two rivulets, the first of which runs through the settlement and is known as Tubig Uhang; the other is artificial, forms the outer limit of the town, and is called Buyung Ca.n.a.l. Persons convicted of capital crimes in the days of the independent sultanate were tied to a tree at this place and there their bodies were chopped to pieces; hence the name ”Busbus”
which means to ”chop up” or ”dress wood.”
TRADE
Jolo lies about 4 miles from the point of intersection of lat.i.tude 6 north and longitude 121 east. It is about 540 nautical miles due south from Manila and 81 nautical miles distant from Zamboanga. The harbor is deep and free from currents. The bay is well protected on the north by the Islands of Pangasinan and Marongas and is safe from all storms except those from the northwest.
Sulu occupies the most nearly central position of any island in eastern Malaysia. It lies between Mindanao on the east and Borneo on the west, and separates the Sulu Sea from the Celebes Sea. The commercial advantages of this position are unique. To the north lie the Bisayas, Palawan, Luzon, Formosa, China, and j.a.pan; to the east Mindanao and Basilan; to the south, the Moluccas, Celebes, and Java; to the west, Borneo, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula. Besides, the Sulus are natural-born sailors, and their famous pearl industry has prompted them to trade since time immemorial. Their boats brought silk, amber, silver, scented woods, and porcelain from China and j.a.pan; gold dust, wax, dyes, saltpeter, slaves, and food stuffs from Luzon, the Bisayas, and Mindanao; gunpowder, cannon, bra.s.s, copper, iron, rubies, and diamonds from Malacca and Bruney; [14] pepper and spices from Java, the Moluccas, and Celebes. Chinese merchants traded with Sulu long before the arrival of Legaspi, and while Manila and Cebu were still small and insignificant settlements Jolo had reached the proportions of a city and was, without exception, the richest and foremost settlement in the Philippine Islands. Jolo, with the exception of Bruney, had no rival in northeast Malaysia prior to the seventeenth century.
Such commercial importance naturally attracted the attention of the early Spanish Governors-General and was one of the causes which led to the early invasion of Sulu. The long period of warfare which followed this invasion r.e.t.a.r.ded the progress of Jolo and reduced its trade. Again, the rise of Spanish commerce in the north tended to restrict the trade of Jolo. The growth of Manila, Cebu, and Iloilo naturally diverted the commerce of Luzon and the Bisayas and the north coast of Mindanao to those cities. The later commercial decline of Jolo was probably brought about more in this way than as a result of actual clash of arms. Jolo, however, remained an important port and a transs.h.i.+pping station to Mindanao until a late date.
At present trade has a.s.sumed new proportions and is following new routes. Zamboanga, Kotabato, and Davao are directly connected with Manila by regular steams.h.i.+p lines, and Jolo is fast losing its importance as a transs.h.i.+pping port. Zamboanga, on the other hand, is rising in importance and seems destined to become the port of Mindanao. It is the capital of the Moro Province and lies in the direct route connecting China, Manila, and Australia. It has direct communication with Manila, Hongkong, Singapore, and Australia, and is gradually diverting the trade of Mindanao from Jolo.
In spite of overwhelming odds, however, Jolo will maintain considerable commercial importance. It has well-established trade relations with Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, China, and Luzon, and is connected by regular steams.h.i.+p lines with Sandakan, Singapore, Manila, and Zamboanga. Practically the whole trade of the Sulu Archipelago pa.s.ses through this port, and it stands now, as ever before, as the center of business, power, and importance of the whole district of Sulu.
In the early days the trade of Sulu was carried on by Moros and Chinese. The Chinese appear to have entered the Archipelago prior to its mohammedanization, and the commercial relations of China and Sulu are really prehistoric. As hostilities between Spain and Sulu increased, Sulu traders became less daring and grew fewer and fewer. Chinese traders, on the other hand, were less molested and conditions encouraged their increase. The ”Chinese pier” is a very old business establishment, and Chinese traders and merchants have resided in Jolo for many generations. Their number, in 1851, exceeded 500. At present Chinese merchants have complete control of the trade of the Sulu Archipelago. They are found everywhere and command all the avenues of commerce. The Sulus have abandoned commerce as a trade and apparently have no inclination to resume it on any large scale. This is due mainly to the decline of their power and the present abeyance of their national life. A new political revival will no doubt change their att.i.tude and may bring about a surprising development in arts and trades as well as of commerce.
The trade between Jolo and various islands and settlements of the Archipelago is carried on by means of innumerable small Moro boats and sloops termed sapits. Formerly such boats traded with Bruney, Sandakan, the Celebes, Java, and all the various islands of the Philippine Archipelago, but the stricter enforcement of the customs regulations, which followed the establishment of open ports at Sitanki, Bangao, and Kagayan Sulu, had the effect of checking trade with foreign countries in such small boats and tended to concentrate the whole trade of the Archipelago at Jolo. A review of the imports and exports of the port of Jolo will therefore throw considerable light on the material resources of the Archipelago, its industries, and the enterprise of the natives.
Port of Jolo
IMPORTS
==================================================================== | | Fiscal year-- | | Commodity |-----------------------| | | 1905 | 1906 | |------------------------------------------|-----------+-----------| | Animals, etc | $214 | $71 | | Bra.s.s, manufactures of | 6,402 | 2,548 | | Breadstuffs | 4,881 | 3,870 | | Cement | 745 | 989 | | Coal | 4,208 | | | Coffee | 621 | 872 | | Cotton cloths, close woven | 82,999 | 80,381 | | Cotton cloths, loose woven | 14,053 | 14,338 | | Carpets | 5,379 | | | Yarn and thread | 18,059 | 19,594 | | Knit fabrics | 2,688 | 3,564 | | Cotton cloths, all other manufactures of | 949 | 2,079 | | Dyes | 2,691 | 3,807 | | Opium | 14,578 | 6,601 | | Earthen and stone ware | 1,494 | 2,419 | | Fibers, vegetable | 308 | 153 | | Dried fish | 216 | 456 | | Sh.e.l.l fish | 375 | 497 | | Fruits, canned | 272 | 254 | | Fruits, not canned | 362 | 407 | | Gla.s.s and gla.s.sware | 694 | 415 | | Iron, steel, and manufactures of | 3,640 | 2,916 | | Malt liquors | 2,020 | 822 | | Matches | 956 | 372 | | Mineral oils | 742 | 1,339 | | Vegetable oils | 536 | 503 | | Paints | 979 | 299 | | Paper and manufactures of | 2,123 | 1,816 | | Condensed milk | 1,516 | 1,363 | | Rice | 76,172 | 57,416 | | Silk and manufactures of | 1,614 | 1,318 | | Soap | 724 | 610 | | Spirits, distilled | 1,643 | 1,108 | | Sugar, refined | 4,314 | 2,987 | | Tea | 646 | 489 | | Tobacco and manufactures of | 586 | 367 | | Vegetables | 1,204 | 1,919 | | Wearing apparel | | 3,699 | | Wood and manufactures of | 2,270 | 1,646 | | Wool and manufactures of | 2,282 | 206 | | All others | 8,126 | 7,262 | | |-----------+-----------| | Total in U. S. currency | $274,281 | $231,772 | | Total in Philippine currency | P548,562 | P463,544 | ====================================================================
EXPORTS
========================================================== | | Fiscal year-- | | Commodity |-----------------------| | | 1905 | 1906 | |--------------------------------+-----------+-----------| | Animals | $42 | $70 | | Hemp | 486 | 5,561 | | Cordage | 5,084 | 5,054 | | Fish | 7,893 | 13,151 | | Copra | 17,870 | 30,052 | | Copal | 3,793 | 4,458 | | Gutta-percha | 108 | 3,939 | | Hides | 839 | 867 | | Mother-of-pearl (sh.e.l.ls) | 88,516 | 60,051 | | Tortoise sh.e.l.l | 1,971 | 2,856 | | Sh.e.l.ls, all others | 4,249 | 11,864 | | All others | 8,033 | 4,610 | | |-----------+-----------| | Total in U. S. currency | $138,884 | $142,533 | | Total in Philippine currency | P277,768 | P285,066 | ==========================================================
Port of Zamboanga [15]
IMPORTS
============================================================ | Agricultural imports | P250 | P40 | | Wheat flour | 6,048 | 18,378 | | Cement | 3,088 | 12,966 | | Coffee | 5,656 | 10,646 | | Copper, manufactures of | 838 | 686 | | Cotton cloths, close woven | 92,254 | 97,866 | | Cotton cloths, loose woven | 9,628 | 33,714 | | Cotton wearing apparel | 2,136 | 5,152 | | Cotton yarn and thread | 25,032 | 34,862 | | Cotton, knit fabrics | 6,278 | 4,380 | | Cotton, all other manufactures | 1,840 | 5,118 | | Opium | 8,928 | 26,254 | | Earthen and stone ware | 1,406 | 5,016 | | China ware | 262 | 388 | | Hats and caps | 1,164 | 598 | | Iron, sheet | 6,470 | 12,786 | | Cutlery, table | 76 | 142 | | Cutlery, all other | 120 | 96 | | Nails, wire | 500 | 530 | | Boots and shoes | 762 | 2,884 | | Beer in wood | None. | 198 | | Beer in bottles | 8,410 | 42,618 | | Other malt liquors | 1,902 | 548 | | Matches | 60 | 988 | | Tin, manufactures of | 188 | 40 | | Oil, petroleum | 4,850 | 8,600 | | Milk, condensed | 3,200 | 5,972 | | Rice, husked | 119,572 | 161,642 | | Brandy | 814 | 3,212 | | Whiskey, bourbon | 822 | 1,240 | | Whiskey, rye | 1,030 | 376 | | Whiskey, all other | 6,668 | 19,566 | | Sugar, refined | 3,566 | 5,488 | | Tea | 1,346 | 2,484 | | Zinc, manufactures of | 880 | 834 | | All other imports | 49,712 | 86,807 | | |------------+------------| | Total in Philippine currency | 375,756 | 613,115 | ============================================================
EXPORTS
====================================================== | | Fiscal year-- | | Commodity |---------------------| | | 1905 | 1906 | |------------------------------+----------+----------| | Bejuco (rattan) | P700 | P1,594 | | Fish | 60 | 1,886 | | Coconuts | None. | 2,258 | | Copra | 125,734 | 157,398 | | Almaciga [16] | 632 | 288 | | Copal | 19,906 | 31,582 | | Gutta-percha | 2,282 | 28,370 | | Rubber | None. | None. | | All other gums and resins | 910 | None. | | Hides, carabao | 362 | 316 | | Beeswax | None. | 3,024 | | Sh.e.l.ls, mother-of-pearl | 2,440 | 2,420 | | Sh.e.l.ls, tortoise | 8,708 | 7,638 | | Sh.e.l.ls, all other | 2,224 | 10,320 | | Salt | None. | 1,508 | | Wood, all kinds |1,346 | 1,076 | | All other exports | 9,590 | 9,860 | | |----------|----------| | Total in Philippine currency | 174,894 | 259,538 | ======================================================
The above statements of the imports and exports of the port of Jolo for the fiscal years 1905 and 1906 have been obtained through the kindness and help of Mr. E. B. Cook, collector of customs for Jolo. They represent the total value of the imports and exports of the town to and from foreign ports only. They do not, however, give an idea of the grand total of the imports and exports of the Archipelago. Account must also be taken of the large amount of commodities smuggled into the country by means of small boats which continually run between the Tawi-tawi Group and Kagayan Sulu on the one side and Borneo and Palawan on the other. Moreover, it is difficult to tell what part of the trade of Basilan and the Samal group of islands is retained by Jolo and what part has lately been drawn away by Zamboanga. Besides, some trade between Sulu and Basilan, on one side, and Mindanao, Negros, and Cebu on the other, is carried on by sailing craft; no account of this is taken either at Jolo or Zamboanga. Since July 1, 1905, all boats under 15 tons register have not been required to present at the custom-house manifests of goods carried. It is clear, therefore, that no correct estimate or opinion can be rendered on the strength of these figures, unless one is aided by personal observation and knowledge of actual conditions previous to July 1, 1903.
Estimating the population affected by the trade of Jolo, at 100,000, we note that the importation of cloths and woven materials amounted to P204,431 in 1905 and P196,836 in 1906, or 37 per cent and 42 per cent of total imports, respectively. There is no doubt that the weaving industry among Sulus and Samals is far from being adequate to furnish clothing material, and European cotton cloths are therefore extensively used throughout the Archipelago.