Vol 2 Chapter 4 (2/2)

However, based on what Homura saw on the map, the distance between paired schools was quite random and scattered.

Furthermore, Tomakomai Denpa High was the only one without a pair.

Perhaps because of that, the presentations started with Tomakomai Denpa High.

A single male student stood at the podium on stage.

“I’m Inou, the president of the Tomakomai Denpa club. Eh~, I’ll declare this for the sake of our school’s honor, but there’s no s.e.xual hara.s.sment or gender discrimination in our club. We’re just not used to dealing with female club members.”

That self-deprecating remark bought some wry laughter from the audience.

The lone girl of the club in question, Himekawa, was sitting next to the screen as his a.s.sistant, and she operated her laptop without showing any trace of a smile.

“—We weren’t able to complete our most recent periodical advance report in time, so this will serve as the announcement of our latest results. Our club has pioneered ahead of the rest of the world and managed to explain the perturbation cycle of the Bagel, the ring surrounding Nutella.”

Part of the audience released exclamations of surprise and awe. However, most of the students present didn’t seem to really understand what it meant at first. Naturally, Homura and even Touya were among those who tilted their heads in puzzlement.

Seeming to have half-expected this reaction, Inou continued on.

“I’ll briefly explain the area our club explores for the new members from other schools—”

The screen began to display a slideshow of black-and-white photos.

The current image showed a gabled-roofed log house standing in the middle of a snow-covered landscape that looked the same with or without color.

“Our school’s base camp is located in the far north on Nutella. Snowfall is almost constant in the climate there, and we’re only able to use our base camp for twenty days in Nutella’s spring out of a sixty-day year cycle. The terrain is also precipitous, and it’s difficult to go on expeditions away from our base camp and increase our mapping of the surrounding area while advancing our investigation.”

Suddenly, the image changed to that of a summer meadow.

The Bagel shone in the clear sky above there, but it looked quite different compared from how it appeared from the area belonging to Homura and her club. It was wider and dominated more of the sky. By imagining a model of Nutella and the planetary ring in her head, Homura managed to grasp the scale.

The slideshow continued on to show various photos. Club members desperately swinging axes at trees to secure a large supply of firewood. Past senior club members taking a commemorative photo of themselves in front of a huge elephant-sized deer caught in a trap. Occasionally, there were also photos taken in winter mixed in. Club members performing lively s...o...b..arding tricks in their spare time. And lastly, a picture of a snow field with a huge, eerie crevice bored into it.

“In the past, we also conducted long-distance expeditions in the direction of Sapporo and Hakodate, but we gave up each time. As such, our school mainly conducts astronomical observation for the majority of our investigation activities. It’s not like we decided to shut ourselves in because we like it… Wait, haven’t the slideshow photos turned weird?”

The club president reflexively retorted as he noticed the change among the photos on the screen.

Club members sleeping huddled together on the floor within the base camp all day long. All the members dressed slovenly in their underwear, apparently due to the heat inside. Inou himself was also among them in those photos. And at the edge of the photo, Himekawa’s dejected face could be seen peeking into the camera lens.

Wearing an innocent expression, Himekawa had apparently mixed in these secretly taken photos into the slideshow.

“…Yeah, err, anyway, working in this high-lat.i.tude environment has brought on various trials, but the biggest issue is the increased gravity. It depends on individual ma.s.s as well, but essentially, think of it like having sixty hundred gram weights on your legs twenty-four hours a day as you go about your business. I believe that this will probably continue to be the northernmost j.a.panese base for the foreseeable future, but…”

At that point, Inou stopped speaking for some reason.

The screen switched from displaying photos to a video containing CG images.

It was a video simulation of Nutella and the Bagel.

“Now then, to move onto the main topic—our observation basically involves earnestly photographing the Bagel and Nutella’s moons from the large telescope installed at our base camp. We bring these photo negatives, or rather dry plates, back to Earth with us and a.n.a.lyze them by computer. Overlooking the orbits of the moons… of the satellite group from a high-lat.i.tude location also helps increases the precision and clarity of the photos, so being located in a remote northern region has both its advantages and disadvantages.

“—Please look at these images. Until now, the Bagel’s overall ma.s.s was predicted to be quite heavy and believed to be in an extremely unstable state according to Nutellan astronomical calculations. However, in reality, its...o...b..t is quite stable. This is a simulation of what it would be like in the unstable case.”

As the video simulation proceeded to fast-forward through time, the Bagel’s striped patterns changed like breaking waves. Eventually, the planetary rings transformed into dots of light that scattered away starting from the outer rings inward.

In particular, the centermost ring turned into a tempestuous meteor rain that rained on Nutella. There were also some meteors that didn’t burn up and impacted on the surface. It was a chilling image.

“—However, the behavior of Nutella’s rings is actually quite different. Very few meteors fall from the Bagel. Now then, did you know that the planet Saturn in our own Solar System also has natural satellites and that the presence of these moons plays a role in stabilizing the planet’s rings? Saturn’s satellites are called ‘Shepherd Moons’.”

There, Inou briefly paused.

“Nutella’s satellites also seem to play the same role when it comes to the Bagel, according to our observations. However, even when taking that into consideration, the results of our observations and simulations don’t match—it’s as if the satellites are intentionally changing their orbits.”

Upon hearing that hypothesis, many members of the audience couldn’t help falling into murmurs of shock.

“That’s right. The satellites move spontaneously.” Inou nodded at the audience. “The reflected light from the Bagel supplies magical energy and causes changes to the bodies of us investigators, as you all know. That drew our attention to the Bagel’s reflectance—by working under the a.s.sumption that ‘it’s possible to intentionally change the orbits of the satellites in order to maintain the Bagel’s overall ma.s.s’, we created a new perturbation model. With this model, we were able to predict the behavior of both the Bagel and the satellites to a high degree of accuracy. In other words, we learned that the Bagel’s reflectance and the orbits of the satellites have a fixed, interconnected relations.h.i.+p.”

More exclamations of surprise came from the audience, but, perhaps because Inou kept using unfamiliar terms, the reaction was more modest compared to before. Even so, everyone in the hall earnestly kept their attention on his speech, something that Homura keenly felt even as someone far removed from astronomical terminology.

“This is as far as our observations have taken us—the following is just conjecture, but I beg your permission to speak it nonetheless. I believe that this is a kind of homeostatic system that strains to maintain the Bagel’s form as a result of the very magical energy emitted by the Bagel affecting and controlling the orbits of the satellites. It’s extremely unusual as an astronomical phenomenon, but if we consider magical energy as another natural part of Nutella, it isn’t theoretically impossible. That’s all for our club’s report.”

A large applause naturally arose from the audience, and many praises were rained upon Tomakomai Denpa High.

The club president bowed his head, and the other club members also stood up together and followed his example.

Homura committed to her memory their proud expressions at that moment.

Himekawa was the only one whose smile seemed a bit like she was treating it like someone else’s achievement, but she still seemed happy from the bottom of her heart.

Even Tenryuu had risen from his seat to clap. His expression was serious and sincere unlike before.

“—We express our sincerest grat.i.tude to our club advisor Goryou-sensei, to Naikon Optical Industries who cooperated with us, and to Professor Morita from the National Astronomical Observatory. We next plan to increase our observation precision while a.n.a.lyzing the roles of the individual satellites, and also to explain the properties of this large-scale astronomical magical energy.”

Inou glanced at Nagas.h.i.+no, indicating it was time to move onto questions from the audience.

Without waiting for Nagas.h.i.+no’s announcement, a hand quickly rose from a Caucasian male in the VIP seats. He was a commissioner directly dispatched from UN headquarters, and also held the position of Exploration Club advisor at a US high school.

After Nagas.h.i.+no gave him permission to speak, the man’s question was translated by an interpreter and repeated in j.a.panese.

“Congratulations. This truly is a magnificent discovery. Truly, all of you have stepped out into the stars and mapped out s.p.a.ce. Concerning this discovery, how do you think it will impact the Geocentric model hypothesis on Nutellan s.p.a.ce?”

Homura’s attention was caught by the words “Geocentric model”.

She’d heard the term before in history cla.s.s. If we remembered right… it had come up while discussing the Heliocentric model of the universe proposed by Galileo Galilei.

“……”

Inou looked to his club advisor in search of confirmation.

The slightly uneasy expression he wore at that moment was very much that of a typical high school student, which actually made Homura feel relived in a way.

Inou’s expression had turned clouded the moment the words “Aristarchusic1 system” came up within the man’s question in his native language. His club advisor Goryou smiled and entrusted Inou with answering the question.

“Thank you for your praise. Concerning the Geocentric model hypothesis, we at Tomakomai Denpa High’s Exploration Club neither endorse nor repudiate it, or rather, we can’t. Even with these recent results, we still lack sufficient material to make conjecture, so making any judgement is put on hold for now.”

After hearing just that, the commissioner gave his thanks and ended his question.

After this first school presentation ended, Homura let out a breath as the tension she’d felt until now finally faded.

“…I’m glad I came.”

Next to her, Touya murmured that as his eyes glimmered with interest.

“…Yeah.” Homura nodded in agreement. “So, we can go to see the ocean now, right? We can change out of our uniforms now, right?”

“Be patient. And don’t undress. You’re not Saho, remember?”

“Eh, you called me? You’re going swimming? You’ve also got sunscreen, right?”

“Sit down. The ocean won’t be going anywhere.”

As Saho stood up from his seat, Hayase pushed him back down from next to him.

Naturally, the presentations continued after that.

There would be no end if all of them were introduced, so only the few school presentations that particularly left an impression on Homura will be listed here.

The announcement that moved Homura the most was “Nadahama High’s Announcement of a New Magic System to Replace the Current Polyhedron Loop”… or not. Perhaps it was “Hiyos.h.i.+zaka High’s Report on the Longest Distance Expedition Ever to be Attempted”…

Not that either. In fact, it was a rather plain presentation by Ecchuu Takaoka High.

The Ecchuu Takaoka club president was a female gla.s.ses-wearing student.

“I’m Ecchu Takaoka’s club president, Chigozuka. Our club also travels through unexplored regions on foot, but our club mainly researches how investigators can contribute to society under the theme of the relations.h.i.+p between Nutella and ordinary citizens. We research the level of Nutella investigators’ societal recognition and devise realistic demonstrations to appeal to the public.”

Her gla.s.ses glinted between her symmetrical forelocks under the stage lights.

“—To summarize our research results, the appeal of pictures and videos is especially high. There is a visible tendency for a single photo of a landscape to remain more strongly imprinted in people’s memories than scientific discoveries. For example, in Earth’s astronomy field, contributions like the beautiful astronomical photos taken by the Hubble Telescope are the most famous. Tomakomai Denpa High has also released wonderful photos of Nutella’s rings, but ours are a bit different. Please look at this. We use it for landscape photography.”

Chigozuka took out her personal a.n.a.log camera.

It was the same as the one Homura usually used. It was a big, heavy and c.u.mbersome lump of cut duralumin and gla.s.s.

Next, other Ecchuu Takaoka High club members brought out a tripod. Set on top of the tripod’s platform wasn’t the standard purveyor camera used by the Exploration Club, but an ordinary digital camera.

“All right, I’m taking a picture, okay? What’s the first prime number?”

Voices from the audience shouted out either “Two2” or “Three”.

Chigozuka pointed the camera at the audience and clicked the shutter b.u.t.ton, and the image data was instantly transmitted and displayed on the screen as a still image. Naturally, it showed the audience looking at the camera. However, it was in black and white. It was a rather trifling picture of the a.s.sembly hall.

“I used the digital camera just now for this photo, but please think of it as the same type of a.n.a.log camera that we use to take records on expeditions and develop film—so, in the early days, the photos taken on Nutella were essentially all black and white, but these days, color photos of Nutella have also been appearing quite often in the news, right? Those are generally made by using old black-and-white picture remake technology and artificially coloring the original photos afterwards. They’re basically fake colors. Take a look.”

The black-and-white picture on the screen was re-projected with color this time.

It was a very realistic-looking photo, so much so that one wouldn’t think that it was originally black-and-white. However, the limits of the coloring technology were still visible; the fine detail colors were decisively different and the skin colors of each individual was deformed, causing the unnaturalness of it to stand out all the more if you knew what the original colors looked like.

Several club members on stage pointed out the flaws within the photo.

“Well, there are those who think that this is good enough, but… In actuality, we can take color photos on Nutella itself too. However, it isn’t cheap or easy.”

Color film compatible with Nutella still had yet to be developed.

On the screen, an unfamiliar odd-formed camera set on firmly on a tripod appeared. An investigator from a foreign country could be seen setting it up.

He should have been a high school student like Homura and the others, but he looked quite adult-like from her perspective.

“This is a Nutella-use color camera developed by a German Exploration Club. Umm, the theory behind it is very simple. There’s a special prism put inside it, which splits the light that enters through the lens and photographs it on three pieces of film at the same time. The split light pa.s.ses through three separate filters of each primary color and is recorded individually in red, green and blue. Then, they bring those negatives back to Earth and recombine them by computer. It’s called the Triple Pane Method.”

The slideshow switched to photos of Nutella taken by the German Exploration Club.

They were truly beautiful and life-like photos.

There were even familiar pictures that had been used on the front covers of famous magazines.

“However, this special camera is still a prototype, and it also weighs 39 kilos. Additionally, it requires three times the normal amount of film. It’s too heavy to hold with your bare hands and doing so also seems to darken the photos, so a tripod is necessary too. Therefore, it’s inconvenient to carry around and lacks mobility. This makes it unsuitable for taking opportune pictures at a moment’s notice.”

The German team’s failed photos were shown next.

Animals that wouldn’t stop moving and branches swaying in the wind were devastating for this camera.

“They’re also apparently working using a revolving prism inside the camera and miniaturizing it through trial and error, but it doesn’t seem to be going well. Therefore, our club searched for an alternative.”

Chigozuka took out a thin disk-shaped plate from her camera case. There was a wide hold on one side of the disk, which contained a colored lens filter.

“We call this a ‘turret filter’. You screw it onto the front of the camera.”

Chigozuka attached it to her camera and held it up as if to take an actual photo. The filter jutting out from the side of the camera got in the way of her hands a bit, but the weight wasn’t all that different.

“This contains a spring mechanism made to automatically rotate the disk when taking a picture. You all understand now, right? Let’s try taking a photo. It’s usually safe to use a release.”

Chigozuka attached the filter to the digital camera on the tripod. She spun the filter in reverse, making the coils inside roll up noisily. Next, she connected a mechanical release cable to the shutter b.u.t.ton, ending her preparations. The cable also connected to the rotational shaft of the turret filter through the camera bridge.

“All right, I’m taking the photo. This is an elbow. Then what’s this?”

A few people shouted “Knee3!” in response. Saho, who knew no fear, shouted “Stripes!”. It was true that, in the instant that Chigozuka lifted her leg up, a glimpse could be caught beneath her skirt.

Slightly red-faced now, Chigozuka pressed the shutter through the connected release cable, and the filter spun as the camera shutter clicked three times. Taking three photos only took one second in all.

Impressed “Oohs” and “Aahs” at that swift function came from the mechanical-loving club members in the audience.

“Just by pressing the b.u.t.ton once, the camera takes three successive photos with the shutter through burst photography.”

The photos taken through the three-colored filter was displayed on the screen. The three photos were slid together and overlapped with each other, turning into a single color photo. It was a three-color composite photo.

If you looked at it without knowing any better, it just seemed like an ordinary photo, but when the process behind it was explained, it strangely felt like something rare and precious.

The composite photo was a bit blurred around areas like people’s fingers and the contours of their faces, but it didn’t stand out that much, and the background was almost perfectly reproduced.

“This isn’t anything particularly new or novel. The one who devised this method was a Russian photographer named Gorski during the dawn of color photography—Hey, what are you doing there, Tenryuu-kun?”

Chigozuka, who had been facing the screen and manipulating her tablet to zoom in on the details of the photo, turned back to face the audience with a flabbergasted expression.

In the photo, Tenryuu was sitting there in the front-most row, but he had changed into a strange-colored Asura statue with six arms and three faces.

“Wahahaha, you should be grateful, you know? Hey, Chigozuka, you used a digital camera for that photo, right? But on Nutella, we’d actually have to roll up the film to take a photo.”

“You just have to use the spring winder supplied by the Exploration Club. However, that does slow down the shutter. So we had to improve the winder too… This was what we actually had the most trouble with. It cost quite a bit of money too. After all, this is a piece of old lost technology.”

Chigozuka sighed in a clearly performed manner.

Other Ecchuu Takaoka club members were going around the audience seats and handing something out.

“First, we’ll hand out a prototype set to every school as a souvenir. The set contains a turret shutter, an exclusive release cable, a camera bridge, and a high-speed winder. The film can be easily combined together with an ordinary image processing application, but the automatic film developing device installed at every Exploration Club can have a burst photography mode added to it, so if you install it, you’ll be fine.”

A female club member came over to Homura as well and delicately handed her a cardboard box.

“Ah, thank you very much.”

Homura quickly opened up the box, and found a user’s manual contained inside along with the aforementioned equipment. It was a painstaking piece of work that was meticulously made (in a weird way), with a four-panel comic that contained personified characters of the equipment.

“We intend to offer this prototype to other countries while continuing to focus on improving it. I hope you will all allow me to hear your impressions of using it in the future. Once you get accustomed to it, you don’t even need a tripod or release cable to take pictures.”

Touya poked Homura as she unconsciously got caught up in reading the manual’s comic.

“Then, to summarize, we’ve completed the first stage of our objective to ‘easily and cheaply take color photos’ for the time being. For the coming year, we plan to follow the initiative of our club’s second year students and focus on something else entirely—”

Briefly pausing, Chigozuka looked over the audience.

“After constructing this prototype and conversing with the optics manufacturer that aided us, all of our club members had a certain thought. …Are we young investigators aiming to be excellent cameramen? Will we eventually end up filming a genuine doc.u.mentary? Certainly, it’s possible. Displaying showy accomplishments that can convince the citizens who pay us with their taxes is our joy. I certainly think that’s part of it. But, though this may seem like I’m refuting our own actions… That’s not all there is to it. We want people to truly realize that Nutella is already closer to us than the moon or the North and South Poles; that Nutella is a world that adjoins our Earth. And I believe we work as investigators in order to show them that humans like us are out there exploring it.

“We aren’t cameras with hands and feet. Nor are we resource-excavating robots. We’re humans. Each and every one of us is a human who is interested by an unknown world, who works hard, and who experiences the joy and satisfaction of accomplis.h.i.+ng something—I think that showing people that challenging spirit is important.”

Placing her hands on her knees, Chigozuka bowed deeply and expressed her thanks to the audience for listening.

After Ecchuu Takaoka’s presentation, another presentation that was of great interest to Homura was the one by Hamamatsu Central.

Rather, it would be more accurate to say that it excited her.

First, their entrance onto the stage was flashy. The club president purposefully rode into the auditorium on a bicycle wearing a helmet and protectors, entering with his front wheel raised high in a wheelie, and then finally sprang up onto the stage with an una.s.sisted jump.

The club members in the audience let out a huge applause, but many people in the VIP seats widened their eyes in shock, and the moderating a.s.sistant Nagas.h.i.+no flew into a panic with teary eyes.

The rider took off his helmet, revealing the tanned face of a male student.

“I’m Kamio from Hamamatsu Central Engineering. Our base camp is located in a region of soft, even terrain with lots of hills and open fields. Because of that, we adopted mountain bikes like this as a means of transportation for our club activities since three years ago, as a test case for future widespread use.”

Kamio got off from his bicycle and proudly showed off the gallant figure of the firm and thick-frame mountain bike painted in sharply contrasting colors.

“As you all know, j.a.panese Exploration Clubs mainly move by foot. We too have not yet been given permission to ride our mountain bikes into unexplored regions. Even so, it’s a fact that these have rapidly expanded the range of our exploration activities and allowed us to effectively use the length of each of our stays on Nutellas.

“There are actually various different transportation methods used by other Exploration Clubs overseas. On water, they use canoes and sailing boats. In air, they use paragliders, hang-gliders, and, by a select few clubs, hot-air balloons.”

—Hmm. Homura dreamily imagined herself using those methods. Soaring through the air like a bird, and gliding through the waves. However, the next instant, her imagined self was. .h.i.t by unexpected troubles in her mind.

It appeared her experiences on Nutella and her trials with the Exploration Club had made her realize how the world didn’t revolve around her. Like that theory by Galileo Galilei.

Homura’s attention returned to Kamio’s presentation.

“Umm, them how about on land? Right now, mountain bikes are the most plausible method. Electric bikes are of course out of the question due to the issue of battery, and we have yet to clear the issue of fuel supply for motorcycles and automobiles.

“Our club, which is the first to use mountain bikes on Nutella in j.a.pan, learned the idea from another school. Our presentation this year contains the results from our collaborative research with an Exploration Club at a Texan school in the US. The theme is ‘a practical engine for use on Nutella’.”

What followed was an engineering explanation by Kamio.

It was difficult to bring gasoline to Nutella or extract it from the land on site. Therefore, until recent years, they had explored solutions by working on making an engine that ran on bioma.s.s ethanol fuel, alcohol, in other words.

However, an alcohol-running engine was difficult to service, and continuously securing good quality fuel was also an issue. The situation was the same with an engine that ran on charcoal, which had seemed easy to obtain at first glance.

When asked the barefaced question “What happened to the unused alcohol fuel that was left over?”, Kamio played dumb and said “Huh? What are you talking about?”. Homura could have sworn that Misasagi-senpai had casually leaned forward and paid extra attention to that part.

“Even supposing that we managed to use automobiles and motorbikes on Nutella, what would we do if the engine failed and broke while on a long distance expedition in a land too far away to return by foot?

“We Hamamatsu club members research techniques and technology that would allow us to repair a vehicle on site if there’s trouble with it. However, we don’t seek to impose this on all Exploration Club members, since it would be inefficient.

“That’s not all. Being injured in a way that proves an impediment to operating a vehicle is also chillingly possible. The most common and likely danger is inadvertently ending up in terrain that impedes the functioning of the vehicle and being unable to turn back.

“This is the main reason why travel by foot is still endorsed in j.a.pan. In oversea countries, there are other reasons as well. In places like Europe, where their base camps are comparatively concentrated at high lat.i.tudes in the north where the gravity is heavier, it’s necessary to secure mobility even at the cost of safety during movement, so the circ.u.mstances are different there.”

The issue of gravity came up again…

Before, Homura had mainly been concerned about her personal body weight, but this topic made her suddenly wonder how things must be for countries even further north than Europe.

Meanwhile, other Hamamatsu Central club members brought a metal engine model onto the stage.

After they ignited the kind of common solid fuel used at camps located within the lower part of the model, the engine started lightly thrumming.

“A Star Ring engine—I think there are people here who have heard the term before. Instead of an internal combustion engine, it’s an external combustion engine. This engine can only generate low torque as yet, but the fact that it doesn’t require a specific kind of fuel makes it very advantageous on Nutella.

“At the Texan school, they have already designed an improved version for use on Nutella and succeeded in operating a small single-seater cycle car with it.”

On the screen, a video of the cycle car moving in action appeared, supplied from the Texan school. It appeared to have been shot with a small movie camera, and the video quality wasn’t that great. It was like a silent film from the last century.

Running across a dry plain was a small car with an exposed frame that was reminiscent of the Apollo Mission’s moon rovers.

Behind the single seat for the driver was a luggage rack containing food and kindling for fuel, and it progressed at the speed of a running human.

“I wish I had one of those!” many envious exclaimed from the audience.

However, they realized that it wasn’t as straightforward as it looked when they saw the following still images and doc.u.ments.

Apparently, the Exploration Club members had to push it when travelling over a hill. It also stumbled and fell over on uneven terrain.

“It depends on the terrain, but it’s still ideal for making round trips between base camps to transport materials. It’s also convenient for transporting injured members. If we choose the terrain and secure a safe route, it can be put to practical use on Nutella even now.

“The last thing we will introduce is the project that Yuuji from our club and Miyada-kun from Tazatani High have developed using the results of the Texas school as a reference.”

The club members carefully brought a model airplane on stage.

Its propellers were powered by a super miniature Star Ring engine.

“This airplane lacks sufficient thrust to fly on Earth, but on Nutella, it can fly with a small camera attached. It works by sealing high-pressure gas that’s converted into propulsive gas within the engine’s cylinders.”

The next video on the screen show the airplane flying while circling through the air.

It couldn’t be remote-controlled like a toy airplane, but it was still quite a bracing sight to see.

“There are still several issues we need to overcome until we can fly a Nutellan light flyer that humans can ride. With no radio or airfields on Nutella, it’ll take a lot of time and effort before we can safely fly any aircraft there. However, transportation methods to replace travel by foot are an absolute must if we are to conquer Nutella’s overwhelmingly vast land. Our club will continue to search for possibilities in that area—The report on this Star Ring engine unit will be discussed again in several other subcommittee meetings, so I suggest you attend those as well.”

Chapter 4 END

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