Part 10 (1/2)

Woodpeckers, pigeons, thrushes, the great lark, the cardinal, the blue-bird, andthe whole winter The coveys of partridges lay in the fields of es, sheltered and protected from the cold There were often very warm days in the middle of winter On such a day, the 31st of January, I found, at noon, the therreat number of the red and black spotted lady-bird, which were half frozen Tortoises were seen, on war the whole winter In the reat number of the white maple, called also the soft or swamp maple, were in blosso of hts of cranes passed over The _Arabis bulbosa_ (Muhlenb) blossomed, as well as the hazel, yet there were still some cold days The Americans have a proverb--”When winter cooes out like a lamb,”

and _vice versa_ This winter, however, the cold had not set in early

At the beginning of March we had frost On the 2nd of March, at eight in the , Reaumur's thermometer was at -16; and at twelve o'clock at noon, -9 Small pieces of water were frozen over; the ducks, especially the pintail ducks, which were now constantly disturbed in the Wabash, by the navigation and by the sportsht for small pieces of open water; and when they were driven from these, repaired to the woods or the ht their scanty food on the banks of the brooks Many species of ani of March

Numbers of tortoises appeared; the note of the oas heard in the forests, even in the dayti leaves of the _sa appearance to the forest The voice of the turtle-dove was heard as early as the 8th of February; insects buzzed about; flocks of eons fleards the north and east; and on the 9th, the first steam-boat went up the Wabash

We had satisfactory accounts of the sanitary state of the southern and western parts of the United States At Cincinnati the violence of the cholera had abated at the coenerally ceased; and St Louis, by the latest reports, was perfectly healthy Mr Bodmer, who had made an excursion to New Orleans, in Decereatly abated; and I therefore resolved toon our journey, as soon as our collections were packed up and sent off

FOOTNOTES:

[83] Robert Owen (1771-1858) was a pro fromen, by shrewd business capacity he acquired a fortune, which he devoted to the i people, and to the spread of principles of co-operation and education His factory and schools at New Lanark, Scotland, became famous, and were visited by e the first Factory Act, protecting the rights of children In 1825 he purchased New Har a co-operative community Owen's connection with this experih his sons remained on the property many years The latter years of his life were entirely devoted to theoretical discussion, erratic journalism, and socialistic experimentation He is considered the founder of the co-operative land

Williaist, and philanthropist, ricultural school at Alicaut, Spain, for the benefit of the poorer classes In 1824 he ith Robert Owen to New Hare of the educational departether with a hundred and fifty followers, he withdrew to found Macluria Later, they purchased the New Harmony establishment, and for a short time conducted a school of industry destined to early failure

In 1827, because of failing health, he went to Mexico, where he died (1840)--ED

[84] Jean Baptiste Audebert (1759-1800), an eraver, and naturalist, published _A Natural History of Apes, Lemurs, and Galeopitheci_, with nu Birds, Fly Catchers, Jacamars and Promerap_ (1 vol, 1802)

Audebert at his death left unfinished several works on birds, subsequently edited by Vieillot and Destray--ED

[85] See Plate 8, in the acco atlas, our volu atlas, our volume xxv--ED

[87] _Cervus major_, or _Canadensis_ I have retained the American name of elk for this animal, but it must not be confounded with the elendthier (_Cervus alces_), which is soiven to it by the English, which is derived froht never to be used, because it is scarcely known to anybody, even in A (1798-1868) was educated as a naturalist at Leipzig He travelled in Cuba and the United States (1822-24), and subsequently went to South A to Gery at the University of Leipzig and died in 1868 He wrote _Reise in Chila, Peru und auf de, 1835-36), and _Landschaftliche Ansichten und erlauterude Darstellungen aus de, 1838)

For Mrs Trollope, see Wyeth's _Oregon_, in our volume xxi, p 44, note 24; for Doctor Drake, see Flint's _Letters_, in our volume ix, p

121, note 61--ED

[89] For a brief sketch of Lesueur, see our volume xvi, p 138, note 60

Johann Friedrich Bluuished professor in the University of Gottingen As a recognition of his ability, he was in 1812 elected secretary of the Royal Society of Sciences--ED

[90] Mr Lesueur sketched these froinals--MAXIMILIAN

_Coe for illustration of Indian pipes

[91] See the ”Disseminator” for 1831 Say writes--”Some arrow-heads and knives made of flint were found in the same tumulus, which are perfectly like those often found on the surface These arrow-heads are generally known, but the instrument which probably served as a knife, deserves more particular consideration It is fro, froes; in shape it resembles the obsidian knives of the ancient Aztecks, or, perhaps, of the Tultecks, of which we found a great many near the Mexican city of Chalco, and of which there are engravings in one of the last numbers of 'Silliman's Journal' We have compared several specimens of flint and obsidian knives, and found them as perfectly alike as if they had been made by the same artist, and as the difference of the material allows If we cannot decide how far this fact ration of the Aztecks and Tultecks frothen the conjecture that the remote ancestors of the present Mexicans erected the tumuli and walls which are spread in such nuin of which the present race of red men have no tradition” These obsidian knives are likewise represented in one of the early volumes of the French Academy, but Warden does not mention them in his ”Antiquites Mexicaines” He puts the question, whether the people of the Ohio Valley may not have been a colony of the ancient inhabitants of Palenque? The old tu to a kindred race On this obscure but highly interesting subject, see Alex V Humboldt, ”Voy au Nouv

Cont” t iii p 155, &c--MAXIMILIAN

[92] Thisband either of Sauk and Foxes (the latter of whom often were entitled ”Musquake”) or of Mascoutin

The Indian title to this region had been extinguished in 1804; see note 92, _post_ Possibly they were Potawato these

An account of the battle of Tippecanoe is given in Evans's _Tour_, in our volume viii, p 286, note 131--ED

[93] Some of the southern tribes of the North American Indians still use such wooden pipes I have seen such belonging to the Cherokees, which were in the shape of a bear The opening for the tobacco was on the back, and the tube fixed near the tail--MAXIMILIAN

[94] For the Kickapoo and Mascoutin (Masquiton) Indians, see Croghan's _Journals_, in our volume i, p 139, note 111; for the Potawatomi (Potanons), _ibid_, p 115, note 84 The Piankeshaw and Miami are respectively noted in our volume i, p 142, note 115; p 27, note 24