Volume II Part 73 (1/2)
APPENDIX A.
Extract from an article addressed to the editor of the Christian Register and Observer, signed W.E.C.--attributed to the Rev.
Dr. Channing.
”Speaking of slavery, I wish to recommend to your readers a book just from the press, ent.i.tled 'Emanc.i.p.ation in the West Indies,' and written by J. A. Thome and J.H. Kimball, who had visited those islands to inquire into the great experiment now going on there. I regard it as the most important work which has appeared among us for years. No man, without reading it, should undertake to pa.s.s judgment on Emanc.i.p.ation. It is something more than a report of the observation and opinions of the writers. It consists, chiefly, of the opinions, conversations, letters, and other doc.u.ments of the very inhabitants of the islands whose judgments are most trust-worthy; of the governors, special magistrates, police officers, managers, attorneys, physicians, &c; and, in most cases, the names of these individuals are given, so that we have the strongest evidence of the correctness of the work.
The results of this great experiment surpa.s.s what the most sanguine could have hoped. It is hardly possible that the trial could have been made under more unfavorable circ.u.mstances. The planters on all the islands were opposed to the Act of Emanc.i.p.ation, and, in most, exceedingly and fiercely hostile to it, and utterly indisposed to give it the best chance of success. The disproportion of the colored race to the whites was fearfully great, being that of seven or eight to one; whilst, in our slaveholding states, the whites outnumber the colored people. The slaves of the West Indies were less civilized than ours, and less fit to be trusted with their own support.
Another great evil was, that the proprietors, to a considerable extent, were absentees; residing in England, and leaving the care of their estates and slaves to managers and owners; the last people for such a trust, and utterly unfit to carry the wretched victims of their tyranny through the solemn transition from slavery to freedom.
To complete the unhappy circ.u.mstances under which the experiment began, the Act of Emanc.i.p.ation was pa.s.sed by a distant government, having no intimate knowledge of the subject; and the consequence was, that a system of 'Apprentices.h.i.+p,' as it was called, was adopted, so absurd, and betraying such ignorance of the principles of human nature, that, did we not know otherwise, we might suspect its author of intending to produce a failure. It was to witness the results of an experiment promising so little good, that our authors visited three islands, particularly worthy of examination--Antigua, Barbadoes, and Jamaica.
Our authors went first to Antigua, an island which had been wise enough to foresee the mischiefs of the proposed apprentices.h.i.+p, and had subst.i.tuted for it immediate and unqualified emanc.i.p.ation. The report given of this island is most cheering. It is, indeed, one of the brightest records in history. The account, beginning page 143, of the transition from slavery to freedom, can hardly be read by a man of ordinary sensibility without a thrill of tender and holy joy.
Why is it not published in all our newspapers as among the most interesting events of our age? From the accounts of Antigua, it appears that immediate emanc.i.p.ation has produced only good. Its fruits are, greater security, the removal of the fears which accompany slavery, better and cheaper cultivation of the soil, increased value of real estate, improved morals, more frequent marriages, and fewer crimes. _The people proclaim, with one voice, that emanc.i.p.ation is a blessing, and that nothing would tempt than to revert to slavery._
Our authors proceeded next to Barbadoes, where the apprentices.h.i.+p system is in operation; and if any proof were needed of the docility and good dispositions of the negroes, it would be found in their acquiescence to so wonderful a degree in this unhappy arrangement.
The planters on this island have been more disposed, than could have been antic.i.p.ated, to make the best of this system, and here, accordingly, the same fruits of the Act of Emanc.i.p.ation are found as in Antigua, though less abundant; and a very general and strong conviction prevails of the happiness of the change.
In Jamaica, apprentices.h.i.+p manifests its worst tendencies. The planters of this island were, from first to last, furious in their hostility to the act of emanc.i.p.ation; and the effort seems to have been, to make the apprentices.h.i.+p bear as heavily as possible on the colored people; so that, instead of preparing them for complete emanc.i.p.ation, it has rather unfitted them for this boon. Still, under all these disadvantages, there is strong reason for expecting, that emanc.i.p.ation, when it shall come, will prove a great good. At any rate, it is hardly possible for the slaves to fall into a more deplorable condition, than that in which this interposition of parliament found them.
The degree of success which has attended this experiment in the West Indies, under such unfavorable auspices, makes us sure, that emanc.i.p.ation in this country, accorded by the good will of the masters, would be attended with the happiest effects. One thing is plain, that it would be perfectly _safe_. Never were the West Indies so peaceful and secure as since emanc.i.p.ation. So far from general ma.s.sacre and insurrection, not an instance is recorded or intimated of violence of any kind being offered to a white man. Our authors were continually met by a.s.surances of security on the part of the planters, so that, in this respect at least, emanc.i.p.ation has been unspeakable gain. The only obstacle to emanc.i.p.ation is, therefore, removed; for nothing but well grounded fears of violence and crime can authorize a man to encroach one moment on another's freedom.
The subject of this book is of great interest at the present moment. Slavery, in the abstract, has been thoroughly discussed among us. We all agree that it is a great wrong. Not a voice is here lifted up in defence of the system, when viewed in a general light.
We only differ when we come to apply our principles to a particular case. The only question is, whether the Southern states can abolish slavery consistently with the public safety, order, and peace? Many, very many well disposed people, both at the North and South, are possessed with vague fears of ma.s.sacre and universal misrule, as the consequences of emanc.i.p.ation. Such ought to inquire into the ground of their alarm. They are bound to listen to the voice of _facts_, and such are given in this book. None of us have a right to make up our minds without inquiry, or to rest in opinions adopted indolently and without thought. It is a great crime to doom millions of our race to brutal degradation, on the ground of unreasonable fears. The power of public opinion is here irresistible, and to this power every man contributes something; so that every man, by his spirit and language, helps to loosen or rivet the chains of the slave.”
The following sentiments are expressed by GOVERNOR EVERETT, of Ma.s.sachusetts, in a letter to EDMUND QUINCY, Esq., dated
”Boston, April 29, 1838.
DEAR SIR,--I have your favor of the 21st, accompanied with the volume containing the account of the tour of Messrs. Thome and Kimball in the West Indies, for which you will be pleased to accept my thanks. I have perused this highly interesting narrative with the greatest satisfaction. From the moment of the pa.s.sage of the law, making provision for the immediate or prospective abolition of slavery in the British colonial possessions, I have looked with the deepest solicitude for tidings of its operation. The success of the measure, as it seemed to me, would afford a better hope than had before existed, that a like blessing might be enjoyed by those portions of the United States where slavery prevails. The only ground on which I had been accustomed to hear the continuance of slavery defended at the South, was that of necessity, and the impossibility of abolis.h.i.+ng it without producing consequences of the most disastrous character to both parties. The pa.s.sage of a law providing for the emanc.i.p.ation of nearly a million of slaves in the British colonies, seemed to afford full opportunity of bringing this momentous question to the decisive test of experience. _If the result proved satisfactory, I have never doubted that it would seal the fate of slavery throughout the civilised world_. As far as the observations of Messrs. Thome and Kimball extended, the result is of the most gratifying character. It appears to place beyond a doubt, that the experiment of immediate emanc.i.p.ation, adopted by the colonial Legislature of Antigua, has fully succeeded in that island; and the plan of apprentices.h.i.+p in other portions of the West Indies, as well as could have been expected from the obvious inherent vices of that measure. _It has given me new views of the practicability of emanc.i.p.ation_. It has been effected in Antigua, as appears from unquestionable authorities contained in the work of Messrs. Thome and Kimball, not merely _without danger_ to the master, but without any sacrifice of his _interest_. I cannot but think that the information collected in the volume will have a powerful effect on public opinion, not only in the northern states, but in the slaveholding states.”
GOVERNOR ELLSWORTH, of Connecticut, writes thus to A.F. WILLIAMS, Esq., of this city:--
”NEW HAVEN, _May_ 19, 1838.
MY DEAR SIR,--Just before I left home, I received from you the Journal of Thome and Kimball, for which token of friends.h.i.+p I intended to have made you my acknowledgments before this; but I wished first to read the book. As far as time would permit, I have gone over most of its pages; and let me a.s.sure you, it is justly calculated to produce great effects, provided you can once get it into the hands of the planters. Convince _them_ that their interests, as well as their security, will be advanced by employing free blacks, and emanc.i.p.ation will be accomplished without difficulty or delay.
I have looked with great interest at the startling measure of emanc.i.p.ation in Antigua; but if this book is correct, the question is settled as to that island beyond a doubt, since there is such acc.u.mulated testimony from all cla.s.ses, that the business and real estate of the island have advanced, by reason of the emanc.i.p.ation, one fourth, at least, in value; while personal security, without military force, is felt by the former masters, and contentment, industry, and grat.i.tude, are seen in those who were slaves.
The great moral example of England, in abolis.h.i.+ng slavery in the West Indies, will produce a revolution on this subject throughout the world, and put down slavery in every Christian country.
With sentiments of high esteem, &c,
W. W. ELLSWORTH.”
APPENDIX B.