Part 1 (2/2)

INDO-

/ Greek / Italian.

EUROPEAN < cla.s.sic=”” stock=”” latin=””><>

FAMILY.

French, etc.

/ Scandinavian:.......as Swedish.

TEUTONIC STOCK< high=”” ger:.as=”” modern=””>

German < low=”” ger....as=””>

II. The term ”Anglo-Saxon” is derived from the names _Angles_ and _Saxons_, two North German tribes who, in the fifth century A.D., invaded Britain, conquered the native Britons, and possessed themselves of the land, which they called England, that is, Angle-land. The Britons spoke a Celtic language, best represented by modern Welsh. Some British words were adopted into Anglo-Saxon, and still continue in our language.

6. The LATIN element in the English vocabulary consists of a large number of words of Latin origin, adopted directly into English at various periods.

The princ.i.p.al periods, during which Latin words were brought directly into English are:--

1. At the introduction of Christianity into England by the Latin Catholic missionaries, A.D. 596.

2. At the revival of cla.s.sical learning in the sixteenth century.

3. By modern writers.

7. The FRENCH-LATIN element in the English language consists of French words, first largely introduced into English by the Norman-French who conquered England in the eleventh century, A.D.

I. French, like Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is substantially Latin, but Latin considerably altered by loss of grammatical forms and by other changes. This language the Norman-French invaders brought with them into England, and they continued to use it for more than two centuries after the Conquest. Yet, as they were not so numerous as the native population, the old Anglo-Saxon finally prevailed, though with an immense infusion of French words.

II. French-Latin words--that is, Latin words introduced through the French--can often be readily distinguished by their being more changed in form than the Latin terms directly introduced into our language.

Thus--

LATIN. FRENCH. ENGLISH.

inimi'cus ennemi enemy pop'ulus peuple people se'nior sire sir

8. OTHER ELEMENTS.--In addition to its primary const.i.tuents--namely, the Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and French-Latin--the English vocabulary contains a large number of Greek derivatives and a considerable number of Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese words, besides various terms derived from miscellaneous sources.

The following are examples of words taken from miscellaneous sources; that is, from sources other than Anglo-Saxon, Latin, French-Latin, and Greek:--

_Hebrew_: amen, cherub, jubilee, leviathan, manna, sabbath, seraph.

_Arabic_: admiral, alcohol, algebra, a.s.sa.s.sin, camphor, caravan, chemistry, cipher, coffee, elixir, gazelle, lemon, magazine, nabob, sultan.

_Turkish_: bey, chibouk, chouse, janissary, kiosk, tulip.

_Persian_: azure, bazaar, checkmate, chess, cimeter, demijohn, dervise, orange, paradise, pasha, turban.

_Hindustani_: calico, jungle, pariah, punch, rupee, shampoo, toddy.

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