Part 14 (1/2)
The style of handwriting, the texture and quality of the paper, and the chemical properties of the inks, are points which are necessary to be considered.
Many checks may be altered to a larger amount by the mere addition of a stroke of the pen here or the erasure of a line, by means of chemicals, in some other place. For instance, take a check of $100, no matter how it may be written, there are five or six different ways in which it may be altered to a much larger amount, and in such a manner as to defy the scrutiny of the most careful bank teller. It may be made into six hundred by merely adding the ”S” loop to the ”O,”
dotting the first part of the ”n” to make of it an ”i,” and crossing the connecting stroke between the ”n” and the ”e” to form the ”x.” To complete the change it will be found necessary to erase with chemicals part of the ”e.”
A check for one hundred dollars may also be easily altered to eight hundred dollars, especially when sufficient s.p.a.ce has been left between the ”one” and the ”hundred,” as follows: Add to the ”O” the top part of an ”E,” dot part of the ”n” to form an ”i,” connect the remaining part of the ”n” with the ”e,” forming the loop of a ”g,” and then add ”ht.” The figure ”i” is very easily changed to ”8.”
Sometimes a small capital is used for an ”o.” In this case an alteration into ”Four” hundred is easily accomplished by simply prefixing a capital ”F” and transforming the ”e” into an ”r,” the ”n”
being made to serve as a ”u.”
Another change frequently made is to ”Ten” hundred. It is done simply by adding the stem and top part of the ”T” to the ”O” and changing the first part of the ”u” to an ”e.”
Of course, any of the foregoing changes may be made with equal facility whether the amount be ”hundred” or ”thousand.”
Two hundred, if anything, is a much easier amount to alter than one hundred. It is done in the following manner: Make an ”F” by simply crossing the ”T;” dot the first part of the ”w” to make an ”i.” and change the ”o” into an ”e.” The figure ”2” can be made into a perfect ”5” by simply adding the top part of the ”5” to it.
Three hundred is not so easily altered; still it may be done by changing the word ”hundred” into a ”thousand”--an alteration which is by no means rare, and which is quite simple, especially when the word is begun with a small ”h.” The modus operandi is as follows: Place a capital ”T” before the ”h”; change the first part of the ”u” into an ”o,” connecting it with the second part, which, with the first part of the ”u,” will form a ”u”; change the second part of the ”u” to an ”s”; erase the top part of the ”d,” making of it an ”a,” and complete the alteration by making an ”n” of the ”r” and ”e.” This alteration may appear to be somewhat complicated, but a trial of it according to direction will show how nicely it may be done.
”Four” is another easy amount to alter. It is done by extending the second part of the ”u” into a ”t,” and adding the ”y” loop to the ”r.”
”Five” is changed into ”Fifty” and ”Fifteen.” ”Six,” ”Seven,” ”Eight,”
and ”Nine” are changed into ”Sixty,” ”Seventy,” ”Eighty,” and ”Ninety”
by simply affixing the syllable ”ty.” ”Twenty” is another easily changed amount; all that is necessary to make ”Seventy” of it is to make an ”S” of the ”T,” and change the first part of the ”w” into an ”e.” To make the alteration perfect, the top part of the ”T” must be erased with chemicals.
In regard to the chemicals used to erase ink, much depends upon the ink. For most writing fluids and copying inks which are in daily use, a saturated solution of chloride of lime is the best eraser known, and when properly made is very quick and effective in its work. It may be applied with a gla.s.s pointed pen, to avoid corrosion, or with a clean bit of sponge. It acts as a powerful bleach, and with it the face of a check may be washed as white as before it was written upon. When inks have become dry and hard, sometimes carbolic or acetic acid is used effectively with the chlorine. The application of any alkali or acid to the clean polished surface of a check will, of course, destroy the finish and leave a perceptible stain, but the work of covering up these traces is quite as simple as removing the ink in the first place.
A favorite trick of forgers and check and draft raisers, who operate on an extensive scale, is for one of them to open an office in a city and represent himself as a cattle dealer, lumber merchant, or one looking about for favorable real-estate investments. His first move is to open a bank account, and then work to get on friendly terms with the cas.h.i.+er. He always keeps a good balance--sometimes way up in the thousands--and deports himself in such a manner as to lead to the belief that he is a highly honorable gentleman, and the bank officials are led to the belief that he will eventually become a very profitable customer.
Occasionally he has a note, for a small amount to begin with, always first-cla.s.s two-name paper, and he never objects--usually insists--on paying a trifle more than the regular discount. At first the bank officials closely examine the paper offered, and of course find that the endorsers are men of high standing, and then their confidence in the ”cattle king” is unbounded. Gradually the notes increase in amount, from a thousand to fifteen hundred dollars, and from fifteen hundred to two or three thousand. The notes are promptly paid at maturity. After the confidence of the bank people has been completely gained, the swindler makes a strike for his greatest effort. He comes in the bank in a hurry, presents a sixty-day note, endorsed by first-cla.s.s men, for a larger amount than he has ever before requested, and it generally happens that he gets the money without the slightest difficulty. Then he has a sudden call to attend to important business elsewhere. When the note or notes mature, it is discovered to be a very clever forgery. This has been done time and again, and it is rare that the forger has been apprehended.
The latest mode is for the forger to imitate a private check by the photo-lithographic method, after having obtained a signed check. The signature, after being photographed, is carefully traced over with ink, and the body of the check is filled up for whatever amount is desired. The maker of the check is requested to identify the person who holds it, and as a general thing he does not wait to see the money paid. The moment his back is turned, the layer-down palms the small check and presents the large one. This way of obtaining money is without the a.s.sistance of a middleman.
Private marks on checks are no safeguards at all, although a great many merchants believe they can prevent forgery by making certain dots, or seeming slips of the pen, which are known only to the paying-teller and themselves. This precaution becomes useless when the forger uses the camera. Safe-breakers are often called upon by forgers and asked to secure a sheet of checks out of a check-book. When this is accomplished a few canceled checks are taken at the same time.
These are given to the forger and he fills them up for large amounts, after tracing or copying the signature. The safe burglars receive a percentage on the amount realized. If your safe, vault or desk is broken open where your check-book is kept, carefully count the leaves in your check-book, also your canceled checks. If any are missing notify the banks and begin using a different style of check immediately. The sneak-thief, while plying his trade, often secures unsigned bonds of some corporation which has put the signed bonds in circulation, leaving the rest unsigned until the next meeting of the directors.
Frequently unsigned bonds are left in the bank vault for safe keeping.
These are stolen and sent to the penman or ”scratcher.” Then a genuine signed bond is purchased, from which the signatures are copied and then forged. The same trick has been played on unsigned bank notes, but on the bank notes almost any name will do, as no person looks at the signature, as long as the note appears genuine.
The ingenuity of a countless army of sharpers is constantly at work in this country, devising plans to obtain funds dishonestly, without work, but, in fact, they often expend more time, skill and labor in carrying out their nefarious schemes, than would serve to earn the sum they finally secure, by honest labor. Every banker must, therefore, be on his guard, and should acquaint himself with the most approved means of detecting and avoiding the most common swindlers. This is just as necessary as it is to lock his books and cash in his safe before going home.
Next to the counterfeiter, the forger is the most dangerous criminal in business life. Transactions involving the largest sums of money are completed on the faith in the genuineness of a signature. Hence every effort should be made to acquire the art of detecting an imitation at a glance. This can only be done by considerable practice. It is a.s.serted that every signature has character about it which can not be perfectly copied, and which can always be detected by an experienced eye. This is problematical, but certainly a skillful bank-teller can hardly be deceived by the forgery of a name of a well-known depositor.
A banker and business man should accustom himself to scrutinize closely the signatures of those with whom he deals. He should cut off their names from the backs of checks and notes, and paste then in alphabetical order in an autograph book devoted to that purpose, and compare any suspicious signature with the genuine one.
In consequence of the numerous frauds committed by forged checks, some of the European bankers have adopted the custom of sending with their letter of advice a photograph of the person in whose favor the credit has been issued, and to stop the payment when the person who presents himself at the bank does not resemble the picture. If this practice were to become universal, the object of preventing frauds could be well attained.