Part 8 (1/2)
SIGNATURE EXPERTS THE SAFETY OF THE MODERN BANK
A New Departure in Banks--Examining All Signatures a Sure Preventive Against Forgery--The ”Filling-in” Process--How One Forger Operated--Marvelous Accuracy of a Paying Teller--How He Attained Perfection--How Signature Clerks Work--A Common Dodge of Forgers--Post Dated Checks--A System That Prevents Forged and Raised Checks--Not a Forged or Raised Check Paid in Years.
[The following article has been kindly contributed by the manager of one of the largest English banks, located in London.]
One of the most trying positions in our business, is that of signature expert--the man who has to examine daily every draft that comes in through the clearing house and vouch for its genuineness. Our bank, one of the largest in London, employs six clerks who do nothing all day long but examine checks, and when I tell you that it is no uncommon thing for 10,000 drafts to come in during a single day you will understand that the job is not altogether the sinecure it is popularly supposed to be.
These clerks have not only to scrutinize the signatures both of drawer and drawee, but also examine the ”filling-in,” the latter being just as important, perhaps more so from a monetary point of view, as the signatures. As a matter of fact, the commonest forgery with which we have to deal is the ”raising” of checks, and a forger of this nature generally chooses a check bearing a genuine signature but having very little ”filling-in.”
For instance, he knows that it would not be difficult to raise a check from 3 to 3000, for all he has to do is to erase the word ”pounds,”
insert the word ”thousand,” and then add the erased word again. I have seen plenty of this kind of work during the time I have been examining checks.
One of the most impudent pieces of forgery, however, that I ever came across was a check raised from 5 to 500. The forger had evidently relied on colossal impudence carrying him through, for he had simply added a couple of ciphers and then between the words ”five” and ”pounds” had placed an omission mark and written the word ”hundred”
above, adding the initials of the drawer of the check just to give the thing a look of careless genuineness.
It was so astounding a piece of cool audacity that we had bets on the check, two of my a.s.sistants declaring it to be O.K., while the other three and myself declared it to be a forgery. Further inquiries, of course, proved that the opinion of the majority was the correct one.
It is marvelous what a vast number of signatures some paying tellers will carry in their mind's eye, as it were, and thus be able to pa.s.s checks by the thousand without once having to refer to the signature books. We had a paying teller here a few years ago who was little less than a wonder. He knew perfectly the signatures of at least 5000 customers, and could detect the alteration of a stroke in any one of them in an instant.
More remarkable still was the fact that he recognized with equal facility the signatures of those customers whose checks only came in once or twice a year. But he made an art of his work, and I afterward discovered that most of his evenings were spent in studying and learning the signatures of the customers, for he was a wonderful hand at copying writing, and whenever a new signature would come in, one with which he was not acquainted, he would at once facsimile it in his pocket-book, and by the next morning would be able to recognize it among 10,000.
Signature clerks are not, as a rule, supposed to make copies of customers' autographs, but many of them do, and some men are clever enough at the work to even deceive themselves.
Of course, it is understood that when the signature clerks are not examining checks they are studying the autograph books in order to familiarize themselves with the calligraphy of every customer. Each check, you must understand, pa.s.ses through the hands of each clerk in turn, so that if one should pa.s.s a forgery or a ”raised” draft it is very unlikely that the entire staff would do so. All these checks, of course, come through the clearing house, and if we should pa.s.s a forged draft and not find out our mistake before three o 'clock in the afternoon our bank would be held responsible. One of the commonest dodges adopted by the modern check-forger is to get a customer of some small country bank to introduce him to that inst.i.tution as a likely depositor. On the recommendation of the friend (who is probably quite unaware that the acquaintance he made some few months ago is a ”wrong'un”) there is no difficulty in accepting their new client's check for 2000, and the following day, when the same customer calls and withdraws 100 to 500, as the case may be, he is politely handed the cash, and then, of course, loses no time in skipping the town.
After the bogus customer's check has pa.s.sed through the clearing house it is returned to the bank on which it has been drawn and the fraud is at once discovered.
Another part of a signature clerk's duties is to see that no checks are post-dated, as of course no drafts must be paid until they fall due. On occasions a careless man will post-date a check, but as a rule the mistake is purposely made. This spotting of post-dated checks, however, is the easiest part of a signature clerk's work, and it is very seldom that a check so dated escapes him. Then, again, we are often notified that payment on certain checks has been stopped, and the clerks have to be on the lookout for these, and it must be a very careless staff indeed that lets them slip by. We are held responsible for all checks pa.s.sed after we have received notice to stop payment.
But it is very seldom now, owing to the cleverness of the experts, that any forged checks, ”raised” checks, post-dated checks, or stopped checks pa.s.s the vigilant eyes of our staff without being detected, but when one does--well, although the signature clerks are not held monetarily responsible for the loss, it means a bad mark against them in the future, and they feel its effects next time promotions or ”rises” are being handed out.
Altogether, though the work is interesting, and even fascinating in a way, the responsibilities are so great that the effect on the nerves is often very trying at times. One thing we are particular about, and that is to take no chances. If we have the slightest doubt about the genuineness of a check we at once communicate, either by telegraph, special messenger, or telephone, with the supposed drawer of the check, and in this way turn doubt into certainty. During the last three years not a single wrong check has pa.s.sed our vigilant optics, and, though I say it who should not, I do not believe there is a cleverer set of experts any where than those who compose my staff.
CHAPTER XIII
HOW TO DETERMINE AGE OF ANY WRITING
The Different Kinds of Ink Met With--Inks That Darken by Exposure to Sunlight and Air--Introduction of Aniline Colors to Determine the Age of Writings--An Almost Infallible Rule to Follow--To Determine Approximate Age of Ink Possible--The Ammonia System a Sure One--A Question of Great Interest to Bankers and Bank Employes--Thick Inks and Thin Inks--So-called Safety Inks That Are Not Safe--How to Restore Faded Inks--An Infallible Rule--Restoring Faded Writing--Restored by the Silk and Cotton System That Anyone Can Arrange--Danger of Exposing Restored Writing to the Sun.
The inks in common use over the United States at the present time, and for some years past, are not as numerous as one might be led to conclude. They are probably fifteen or at most twenty in all, including the most popular blue, red, magenta, and green inks. But among these there is a notable difference in character. Some are thick, heavy, and glossy, in character, and flow sluggishly from the pen. Few of these become much darker by standing. In this cla.s.s will be found the copying inks and those in which a large quant.i.ty of gums or similar thickening agents are used.
Other inks are pale, limpid, and flow easily from the pen, and this cla.s.s usually shows a notable darkening by exposure to sunlight and air. It will be unnecessary here to refer more particularly to the intermediate varieties or to discuss their various composition.
It should be, remembered here that in the last twenty years, or since the introduction into general commerce of aniline colors, which Hofmann discovered in 1856, these latter have been employed more and more in writing fluids; not only in mixtures of which they are the princ.i.p.al ingredients, but to a greater or less degree in all inks.
Their presence, even in small quant.i.ty, in the gallo-tannate of iron and logwood inks can be generally detected by an iridescent and semi-metallic l.u.s.ter.