Part 5 (2/2)

He also fails to consider the difficulty, that, if these ca.n.a.ls are necessary for existence in Mars, how did the inhabitants ever reach a sufficiently large population with surplus food and leisure enabling them to rise from the low condition of savages to one of civilisation, and ultimately to scientific knowledge? Here again is a dilemma which is hard to overcome. Only a _dense_ population with _ample_ means of subsistence could possibly have constructed such gigantic works; but, given these two conditions, no adequate motive existed for the conception and execution of them--even if they were likely to be of any use, which I have shown they could not be.

_Further Considerations on the Climate of Mars._

Recurring now to the question of climate, which is all-important, Mr.

Lowell never even discusses the essential point--the temperature that must _necessarily_ result from an atmospheric envelope one-twelfth (or at most one-seventh) the density of our own; in either case corresponding to an alt.i.tude far greater than that of our highest mountains.[17] Surely this phenomenon, everywhere manifested on the earth even under the equator, of a regular decrease of temperature with alt.i.tude, the only cause of which is a less dense atmosphere, should have been fairly grappled with, and some attempt made to show why it should not apply to Mars, except the weak remark that on a level surface it will not have the same effect as on exposed mountain heights. But it _does_ have the same effect, or very nearly so, on our lofty plateaux often hundreds of miles in extent, in proportion to their alt.i.tude.

Quito, at 9350 ft. above the sea, has a mean temperature of about 57 F., giving a lowering of 23 from that of Manaos at the mouth of the Rio Negro. This is about a degree for each 400 feet, while the general fall for isolated mountains is about one degree in 340 feet according to Humboldt, who notes the above difference between the rate of cooling for alt.i.tude of the plains--or more usually sheltered valleys in which the towns are situated--and the exposed mountain sides. It will be seen that this lower rate would bring the temperature of Mars at the equator down to 20 F. below the freezing point of water from this cause alone.

[Footnote 17: A four inches barometer is equivalent to a height of 40,000 feet above sea-level with us.]

But all enquirers have admitted, that if conditions as to atmosphere were the same as on the earth, its greater distance from the sun would reduce the temperature to-31 F., equal to 63 below the freezing point. It is therefore certain that the combined effect of both causes must bring the temperature of Mars down to at least 70 or 80below the freezing point.

The cause of this absolute dependence of terrestrial temperatures upon density of the air-envelope is seldom discussed in text-books either of geography or of physics, and there seems to be still some uncertainty about it. Some impute it wholly to the thinner air being unable to absorb and retain so much heat as that which is more dense; but if this were the case the soil at great alt.i.tudes not having so much of its heat taken up by the air should be warmer than below, since it undoubtedly _receives_ more heat owing to the greater transparency of the air above it; but it certainly does not become warmer. The more correct view seems to be that the loss of heat by radiation is increased so much through the rarity of the air above it as to _more_ than counterbalance the increased insolation, so that though the surface of the earth at a given alt.i.tude may receive 10 per cent. more direct sun-heat it loses by direct radiation, combined with diminished air and cloud-radiation, perhaps 20 or 25 per cent. more, whence there is a resultant cooling effect of 10 or 15 per cent. This acts by day as well as by night, so that the greater heat received at high alt.i.tudes does not warm the soil so much as a less amount of heat with a denser atmosphere.

This effect is further intensified by the fact that a less dense cannot absorb and transmit so much heat as a more dense atmosphere. Here then we have an absolute law of nature to be observed operating everywhere on the earth, and the mode of action of which is fairly well understood.

This law is, that reduced atmospheric pressure increases radiation, or loss of heat, _more rapidly_ than it increases insolation or gain of heat, so that the result is _always_ a considerable _lowering_ of temperature. What this lowering is can be seen in the universal fact, that even within the tropics perpetual snow covers the higher mountain summits, while on the high plains of the Andes, at 15,000 or 16,000 feet alt.i.tude, where there is very little or no snow, travellers are often frozen to death when delayed by storms; yet at this elevation the atmosphere has much more than double the density of that of Mars!

The error in Mr. Lowell's argument is, that he claims for the scanty atmosphere of Mars that it allows more sun-heat to reach the surface; but he omits to take account of the enormously increased loss of heat by direct radiation, as well as by the diminution of air-radiation, which together necessarily produce a great reduction of temperature.

It is this great principle of the prepotency of radiation over absorption with a diminis.h.i.+ng atmosphere that explains the excessively low temperature of the moon's surface, a fact which also serves to indicate a very low temperature for Mars, as I have shown in Chapter VI.

These two independent arguments--from alpine temperatures and from those of the moon--support and enforce each other, and afford a conclusive proof (as against anything advanced by Mr. Lowell) that the temperature of Mars must be far too low to support animal life.

A third independent argument leading to the same result is Dr. Johnstone Stoney's proof that aqueous vapour cannot exist on Mars; and this fact Mr. Lowell does not attempt to controvert.

To put the whole case in the fewest possible words:

All physicists are agreed that, owing to the distance of Mars from the sun, it would have a mean temperature of about-35 F. (= 456 F. abs.) even if it had an atmosphere as dense as ours.

(2) But the very low temperatures on the earth under the equator, at a height where the barometer stands at about three times as high as on Mars, proves, that from scantiness of atmosphere alone Mars cannot possibly have a temperature as high as the freezing point of water; and this proof is supported by Langley's determination of the low _maximum_ temperature of the full moon.

The combination of these two results must bring down the temperature of Mars to a degree wholly incompatible with the existence of animal life.

(3) The quite independent proof that water-vapour cannot exist on Mars, and that therefore, the first essential of organic life--water--is non-existent.

The conclusion from these three independent proofs, which enforce each other in the multiple ratio of their respective weights, is therefore irresistible--that animal life, especially in its higher forms, cannot exist on the planet.

Mars, therefore, is not only uninhabited by intelligent beings such as Mr. Lowell postulates, but is absolutely UNINHABITABLE.

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