Part 27 (1/2)

aWho possesses Berlina: Antony Beevor, Berlin: The Downfall 1945. New York: Viking, 2002, 139; quoting Archive of the Ministry of Defense (TsAMO) 233/2356/5804, 320a”321.

aBerlin is the most dangerous placea: William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era. New York: W. W. Norton, 2004, 407.

Undaunted by the damp: Russian State Archive for Contemporary History (RGANI), 5/30/367, Bl. 179a”182, Bericht des Verteidungsministeriums an das ZK der KPdSU ber die Situation in Berlin und in der DDR, 28.10. 1961; Matthias Uhl, Krieg um Berlin? Die sowjetische Militr- und Sicherheitspolitik in der zweiten Berlin-Krise 1958 bis 1962. Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2008, 146a”147.

Reporting from the scene: Daniel Schorr, Schorr Script Collection, Ma.n.u.script Division, Library of Congress, Berlin, October 27, 1961.

The situation was sufficiently tense: Interview with Adam Kellett-Long, October 15a”16, 2008.

aThe scene is weird, almost incrediblea: Daniel Schorr, Schorr Script Collection, Berlin, October 27, 1961.

Rumors swirled through the crowd: Norman Gelb, The Berlin Walla”Kennedy, Khrushchev, and a Showdown in the Heart of Europe. New York: Dorset Press, 1986, 256; Interview with Vern Pike, November 17, 2008; RIAS (Radio in the American Sector) radio reports, October 25a”28, 1961; retrieved from Chronik-der-Mauer.de.

Clay, who had commanded the 1948: Andrei Cherny, The Candy Bombers: The Untold Story of the Berlin Airlift and Americaas Finest Hour. New York: G. P. Putnamas Sons, 2008, 253; U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1961a”1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a”1962, Doc. 186, Telegram from the Mission at Berlin to the Department of State, Berlin, October 23, 1961, 2:00 p.m.; Curtis Cate, The Ides of August: The Berlin Wall Crisisa”1961. New York: M. Evans, 1978, 477.

Convinced from personal experience: William R. Smyser, aTanks at Checkpoint Charlie,a The Atlantic Times, October 2005: /archive_detail.php?recordID=319; NYT, 10/24/1961; Cate, The Ides of August, 479.

Since then, the communists had fortified: Gelb, The Berlin Wall, 3. Winston Churchill, aaIron Curtaina Speech,a Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri, March 5, 1946; as quoted in Katherine A. S. Sibley, The Cold War. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998, 136a”137.

the tank showdown at Checkpoint Charlie: RIAS radio reports, October 25a”28, 1961; Raymond L. Garthoff, aBerlin 1961: The Record Corrected,a Foreign Policy, no. 84 (Fall 1991), 142a”156.

Reuters correspondent Adam Kellett-Long: Interview with Adam Kellett-Long, October 15a”16, 2008.

From there they phoned: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library (JFKL), Lucius D. Clay OH.

aMr. President,a responded Clay: FRUS, 1961a”1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a”1962, Doc. 195, 196; Cate, The Ides of August, 485a”486.

Between the establishment of the East German state: Berlin Wall Statistics (Der Polizeiprsident von Berlin), chronik-der-mauer.de.

1. KHRUSHCHEV: COMMUNIST IN A HURRY.

aWe have thirty nucleara: Michael R. Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev 1960a”1963. New York: HarperCollins, 1991, 52; Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 449.

aNo matter how gooda: Pravda, no. 2 (15492), February 2, 1961.

At home, Khrushchev was suffering: Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary. New York: W. W. Norton, 2006, 343a”344.

Khrushchev was fond: Dean Rusk, As I Saw It: A Secretary of Stateas Memoirs. London: I. B. Tauris, 1991, 227.

Given Khrushchevas increased capability: Bryant Wedge, aKhrushchev at a Distance: A Study of Public Personality,a Society (Social Science and Modern Society), 5, no. 10 (October 1968), 24a”28.

Another top-secret personality: CIA, Office of Current Intelligence (OCI), No. 2391-61, Copy No. 22.

During the campaign: Arkady N. Shevchenko, Breaking with Moscow. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985, 108a”109.

As the countdown: Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 106a”107.

Though still vigorously youthful: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 16; Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 47; Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 39, 191; Marshall MacDuffie, The Red Carpet: 10,000 Miles Through Russia on a Visa from Khrushchev. New York: W. W. Norton, 1955, 202; Michael R. Beschloss, Mayday: The U-2 Affair: The Untold Story of the Greatest USa”USSR Spy Scandal. New York: Harper & Row, 1986, 163a”164, 199.

He recognized many faces: MacDuffie, Red Carpet, 198.

Given his purpose: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 50a”52.

aWe consider the socialista: Pravda, no. 2 (15492), February 2, 1961.

World War IIas battles: Sidney Pollard, The International Economy Since 1945. New York: Routledge, 1997, 2; Leon Clarck, The Beginnings of the Cold Wara”Civilizations Past and Present the Bipolar aNorth,a 1945a”1991, accessed at history-world.org/beginnings_of_the_cold_war.htm: aThe Elusive Peacea”Soviet And American Spheres,a Introduction.

That didnat count the millions: William H. Chamberlin, aKhrushchevas War with Stalinas Ghosts,a Russian Review, 21, no. 1 (January 1962), 3a”10.

Khrushchev blamed Stalin: Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 332; Nikita S. Khrushchev, aMemuary Nikity Sergeevicha Khrushcheva,a Voprosy Istorii, no. 2 (1995), 76.

Kroll had been born: Hans Kroll, Lebenserinnerungen eines Botschafters. Cologne: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1967, 15a”17; Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 205a”206.

aUlbricht lobbya: Eberhard Schulz, Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, Gert Leptin, and Ulrich Scheuner, GDR Foreign Policy. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1982, 197.

Marta Hillersas only consolation: Anonymous, A Woman in Berlin: Eight Weeks in the Conquered City: A Diary. Translation of Eine Frau in Berlin by Philip Boehm. New York: Picador, 2006; Jens Bisky, aKleine Fussnote zum Untergang des Abendlandes.a Sddeutsche Zeitung, 06/10/2003, 10.

Published for the first time: Ilko-Sascha Kowalczuk and Stefan Wolle, Roter Stern ber Deutschland: Sowjetische Truppen in der DDR. Berlin: Christoph Links, 2010, 38.

One such review: Maria Sack, aSchlechter Dienst an der Berlinerin / Bestseller im Auslanda”Ein Verflschender Sonderfall,a Tagesspiegel, 12/06/1959, 35.

The East German relations.h.i.+p: Kowalczuk and Wolle, Roter Stern ber Deutschland, 105.

The East German pity: Silke Satjukow, Besatzer: aDie Russena in Deutschland 1945a”1994. Gttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008, 41, 43.

The latest escape: aVopo feuert auf Sowjet-Soldatena”Sie wollten in den Westen,a Bild-Zeitung, 01/04/1958; aSowjets jagen Deserteure,a Abendzeitung (Munich), 01/03/1958.

That dread had grown: Jan Foitzik, Berichte des Hohen Kommissars der UdSSR in Deutschland aus den Jahren 1953/1954, in Machtstrukturen und Entscheidungsmechanismen im SED Staat und die Frage der Verantwortung (Materialien der Enquete-Kommission aAufarbeitung von Geschichte und Folgen der SED-Diktatur in Deutschland,a Band II, 2), Baden-Baden, 1995, 1361; ; Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 207a”209.

aNow the balance of forcesa: CWIHP-B, No. 11 (1998), in Selvage, Khrushchevas November 1958 Berlin Ultimatum, 202; Matthias Uhl and Vladimir I. Ivkin, aaOperation Atoma: The Soviet Unionas Stationing of Nuclear Missiles in the German Democratic Republic, 1959,a CWIHP-B, No. 12/13 (2001), 299a”307.

What he told his Polish: CWIHP-B, No. 11 (1998), in Selvage, Khrushchevas November 1958 Berlin Ultimatum, 200a”201; Nikita S. Khrushchev, For Victory in Peaceful Compet.i.tion with Capitalism, 738.

He had also: Matthew Evangelista, aaWhy Keep Such an Army?a Khrushchevas Troop Reductions,a CWIHP Working Paper No. 19, Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: December 1997, 4a”5; Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 379.

The second source of Khrushchevas: Robert Service, Comrades! A History of World Communism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007, 314; Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 148.

The third source of Khrushchevas: Service, Comrades!, 310; Nikita S. Khrushchev, aKhrushchev Remembers, Part III: The Death of Stalin, the Menace of Beria,a Life, December 11, 1970, 54a”72.

At the time, Khrushchev: Hope M. Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Walla”Sovieta”East German Relations. 1953a”1961. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003, 27; Mark Kramer, aThe Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East-Central Europe: Internal-External Linkages in Soviet Policy Making (Part1),a Journal of Cold War Studies, 1, nos. 1a”3 (1999), 12a”28.

The March 1953 figure of 56,605: Bundesministerium fr Gesamtdeutsche Fragen (BMG), ed., Die Flucht aus der Sowjetzone und die Sperrma.s.snahmen des Kommunistischen Regimes vom 13. August 1961 in Berlin, 1961; Helge Heidemeyer, Flucht und Zuwanderung aus der SBZ/DDR 1945/1949a”1961, Die Flchtlingspolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bis zum Bau der Berliner Mauer. Dsseldorf: Droste, 1994, 338.