Part 25 (1/2)

[Footnote 5: A North Carolina Negro had discovered a cure for snakebite; Henry Blair, a slave of Maryland, had invented a corn-planter; and Roberts of Philadelphia hadrailway cars from the tracks]

[Footnote 6: The most noted of these lawyers were Robert Morris, Malcolm B Allen, GB Vashon, and EG Walker]

[Footnote 7: The leading Negroes of this class were T Joiner White, Peter Ray, John DeGrasse, David P Jones, J Gould Bias, James Ulett, Martin Delany, and John R Peck James McCrummill, Joseph Wilson, Thos Kennard, and Wm Nickless were noted colored dentists of Philadelphia]

[Footnote 8: The prominent colored preachers of that day were titus Basfield, BF Templeton, WT Catto, Benjales, Philip A Bell, Charles L Reason, Williahland Garnett, Daniel A Payne, Jaton, M Haines, and John F

Cook]

[Footnote 9: Baldwin, _Observations_, etc, p 44]

Thanks to the open doors of liberal schools, the race could boast of a number of efficient educators[1] There were Martin H Freeman, John Newton Templeton, Mary E Miles, Lucy Stratton, Lewis Woodson, John F Cook, Mary Ann Shadd, WH Allen, and BW Arnett Professor CL

Reason, a veteran teacher of New York City, was then so well educated that in 1844 he was called to the professorshi+p of Belles-Lettres and the French Language in New York Central College Many intelligent Negroes who followed other occupations had teaching for their avocation In fact almost every colored person who could read and write was ahis people

[Footnote 1: Jaro to receive a degree froe in this country]

Inwell

Eliza Greenfield, William Jackson, John G Anderson, and William Appo made their way in the musical world Leation, took up theology about 1815 Paul Cuffee wrote an interesting account of Sierra Leone Rev Daniel coker published a book on slavery in 1810 Seven years later came the publication of the _Law and Doctrine of the African Methodist Episcopal Church_ and the _Standard Hyarth published an addition to this voluazine of the sect Edward W

Moore, a colored teacher of white children in Tennessee, wrote an arithmetic CL Remond of Massachusetts was then a successful lecturer and controversialist Jae Horton, and Frances EW Harper were publishi+ng poeton, known to fame as preachers, attained success also as pamphleteers RB Lewis, MR Delany, Williaro history; William Wells Brorote his _Three Years in Europe_; and Frederick Douglass, the orator, gave the world his creditable autobiography More effective still were the journalistic efforts of the Negro intellect pleading its own cause [1] Colored newspapers varying from the type of weeklies like _The North Star_ to that of the lo-African_ were published in e towns and cities of the North

[Footnote 1: In 1827 John B Russworan the publication of _The Freedohts to All_ Ten years later PA Bell was publishi+ng _The Weekly Advocate_ From 1837 to 1842 Bell and Cornish edited _The Colored Man's Journal_, while Sales sent from his press _The Mirror of Liberty_ In 1847, one year after the appearance of Tholass started _The North Star_ at Rochester, while G Allen and Highland Garnett were appealing to the country through _The National Watchht out _The Pittsburg Mystery_, and others _The Elevator_ at Albany, New York At Syracuse appeared The _Impartial Citizen_ established by Samuel R Ward in 1848, three years after which LH Putnam came before the public in New York City with _The Colored Man's Journal_ Then came _The Philadelphia Freeman_, _The Philadelphia Citizen_, _The New York Phalanx_, _The Baltiher order was _he Anglo-African_, a azine published in New York in 1859 by Thomas Hamilton, as succeeded in editorshi+p by Robert Hahland Garnett In 1852 there were in existence _The Colored Aler_, _The Watchman_, _The Ram's Horn_, _The Demosthenian shi+eld_, _The National Refor Mystery_, _The Palladium of Liberty_, _The Disfranchised American_, _The Colored Citizen_, _The National Watchman_, _The Excelsior_, _The Christian Herald_, _The Farmer_, _The Impartial Citizen_, _The Northern Star_ of Albany, and The _North Star_ of Rochester]

CHAPTER XII

VOCATIONAL TRAINING

Having before thehly educated colored men who could find no ean to realize that their preparation was not going hand in hand with their opportunities Industrial education was then e the race for usefulness The advocacy of such training, however, was in no sense new The early anti-slavery arded it as the prerequisite to eed it as the only safethe freedan to enter the higher pursuits of labor during the forties and fifties, there started a struggle which has been prolonged even into our day

Most northern white htenranting theators that discovered increased facilities of conventional education for Negroes in 1834 reported also that there existed aainst colored artisans[1]

[Footnote 1: _Minutes of the Fourth Annual Convention for the Improve the encroachroes on their field of labor the northerners took their cue from the white mechanics in the South At first laborers of both races worked together in the same room and at the same machine[1] But in the nineteenth century, whento do skilled labor and trying to develop manufactures, they found themselves handicapped by competition with the slave mechanics Before 1860 most southern mechanics, machinists, local manufacturers, contractors, and railroad ainst this custo colored men such an economic factor the white roes occurring in Cincinnati, Philadelphia, New York, and Washi+ngton during the thirties and forties owed their originbetween the white and colored skilled laborers[4] The white artisans prevailed upon the legislatures of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Georgia to enact measures hostile to their rivals[5] In 1845 the State of Georgia made it a misdemeanor for a colored mechanic to s[6] The people of Georgia, however, were not unaniro artisan down We have already observed that at the request of the Agricultural Convention of that State in 1852 the legislature all but passed a bill providing for the education of slaves to increase their efficiency and attach theham, _Slave States of America_, vol ii, p 112]

[Footnote 2: Du Bois and Dill, _The Negro American Artisan_, p 36]

[Footnote 3: Du Bois and Dill, _The Negro American Artisan_, pp 31, 32, 33]

[Footnote 4: Du Bois and Dill, _The Negro American Artisan_, p 34, and _Special Report of the US Com of Ed_, 1871, p 365]

[Footnote 5: Du Bois and Dill, _The Negro American Artisan_, pp 31, 32]

[Footnote 6: Du Bois and Dill, _The Negro American Artisan_, p 32]

[Footnote 7: _Special Report of the US Com of Ed_, 1871, p 339]

It was unfortunate that the free people of color in the North had not taken up vocational training earlier in the century before the laboring classes realized fraternal consciousness Once pitted against the capitalists during the Ad classes learned to think that their interests differed es had multiplied at the expense of the poor Efforts toward effecting organizations to secure to labor adequate protection began to be successful during Van Buren's Administration At this tiroes by all helpful groups One of the tests of the strength of these protagonists hether or not they could induce the mechanics of the North to take colored workmen to supply the skilled laborers required by the then rapid economic development of our free States Would the whites permit the blacks to continue as their coery? To do thisyouths of African blood as apprentices This the white enerally refused to do[1]

[Footnote 1: _Minutes of the Third Annual Convention of the Free People of Color_, p 18]