Part 21 (1/2)

During the same period, and especially froration of southern Negroes was being proinia and North Carolina[1] One of their purposes was educational Convinced that the ”buying, selling, and holding of men in slavery” is a sin, these Quakers with a view to future manumission had been ”careful of theof such as they held in servitude”[2] To elevate their slaves to the plane of men, southern Quakers early hit upon the scheroes as they had by education been able to equip for living as citizens When the reaction in the South made it ihtening the colored people, these philanthropists proration of the blacks to the Northwest Territory with still greater zeal Most of these settleo, Gibson, Grant, Rush, and Tipton Counties, Indiana, and in Darke County, Ohio[3] Pro these promoters was Levi Coffin, the Quaker Abolitionist of North Carolina, and reputed President of the Underground Railroad He left his State and settled aroes at Newport, Indiana[4] associated with these leaders also were Benjamin Lundy of Tennessee and James G Birney, once a slaveholder of Huntsville, Alabama The latter manumitted his slaves and apprenticed and educated soro Rural Communities” (_Southern Workman_, vol xxxvii, p 158); and Bassett, _Slavery in North Carolina_, p

68]

[Footnote 2: A Brief Stateress of the Testiro Communities in Indiana” (_Southern Workman_, vol xxxvii, pp 162-166); and Bassett, _Slavery in North Carolina_, pp 67 and 68]

[Footnote 4: Coffin, _Reminiscences_, p 106]

[Footnote 5: Birney, _James G Birney and His Times_, p 139]

The importance of this movement to the student of education lies in the fact that it effected an unequal distribution of intelligent Negroes Theto free territory As late as 1840 there were ent blacks in the South than in the North[1] The number of southern colored people who could read was then decidedly larger than that of such persons found in the free States The continued roes to the North, despite the operation of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, made this distribution more unequal While the free colored population of the slave States increased only 23,736 from 1850 to 1860, that of the free States increased 29,839 In the South only Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, and North Carolina showed a noticeable increase in the nu the decade i the Civil War This elehtly increased in Alabainia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and the District of Coluroes of Florida remained practically constant Those of Arkansas, Mississippi, and Texas diminished In the North, of course, the tendency was in the other direction With the exception of Maine, New Hampshi+re, Vermont, and New York, which had about the same free colored population in 1860 as they had in 1850, there was a general increase in the nuroes in the free States Ohio led in this respect having had during this period an increase of 11,394[2]

[Footnote 1: Jones, _Religious Instruction of the Negroes_, p 115]

[Footnote 2: See statistics on pages 237-240]

On co the educational statistics of these sections this truth becomes more apparent In 1850 there were 4,354 colored children attending school in the South, but by 1860 this nuht increases were noted only in Alabama, Missouri, Delaware, South Carolina, and the District of Coluia and Mississippi had then practically deprived all Negroes of this privilege The for school in 1850, had just seven in 1860; the latter had none in 1850 and only two in 1860 In all other slave States the number of pupils of African blood had materially decreased[1] In the free States there were 22,107 colored children in school in 1850, and 28,978 in 1860

Most of these were in New Jersey, Ohio, New York, and Pennsylvania, which in 1860 had 2,741; 5,671; 5,694; and 7,573, respectively[2]

[Footnote 1: STATISTICS OF THE FREE COLORED POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1850

ATTENDING ADULTS UNABLE SCHOOL TO READ STATE Population Males Females Total Males Females Total

Alabama 2,265 33 35 68 108 127 235 Arkansas 608 6 5 11 61 55 116 California 962 1 0 1 88 29 117 Connecticut 7,693 689 575 1,264 292 273 567 Delaware 18,073 92 95 187 2,724 2,921 5,645 Florida 932 29 37 66 116 154 270 Georgia 2,931 1 0 1 208 259 467 Illinois 5,436 162 161 323 605 624 1,229 Indiana 11,262 484 443 927 1,024 1,146 2,170 Iowa 333 12 5 17 15 18 33 Kentucky 10,011 128 160 288 1,431 1,588 3,029 Louisiana 17,462 629 590 1,219 1,038 2,351 3,389 Maine 1,356 144 137 281 77 58 135 Maryland 74,723 886 730 1,616 9,422 11,640 21,062 Massachusetts 9,064 726 713 1,439 375 431 806 Michigan 2,583 106 101 207 201 168 369 Mississippi 930 0 0 0 75 48 123 Missouri 2,618 23 17 40 271 226 497 New Hampshi+re 520 41 32 73 26 26 52 New Jersey 23,810 1,243 1,083 2,326 2,167 2,250 4,417 New York 49,069 2,840 2,607 5,447 3,387 4,042 7,429 North Carolina 27,463 113 104 217 3,099 3,758 6,857 Ohio 25,279 1,321 1,210 2,531 2,366 2,624 4,990 Pennsylvania 53,626 3,385 3,114 6,499 4,115 5,229 9,344

[ was 6,344 in error]

Rhode Island 3,670 304 247 551 130 137 267 South Carolina 8,960 54 26 80 421 459 880 Tennessee 6,422 40 30 70 506 591 1,097 Texas 397 11 9 20 34 24 58 Verinia 54,333 37 27 64 5,141 6,374 11,515 Wisconsin 635 32 35 67 55 37 92 District of Columbia 10,059 232 235 467 1,106 2,108 3,214 Minnesota 30 0 2 2 0 0 0 New Mexico 207 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oregon 24 2 0 2 3 2 5 Utah 22 0 0 0 1 0 1

Total 434,495 13,864 12,597 26,461 40,722 49,800 90,522

See Sixth Census of the United States, 1850]

[Footnote 2: See statistics on pages 237-240]

The report on illiteracy shows further the differences resulting froent educational policies of the two sections In 1850 there were in the slave States 58,444 adult free Negroes who could not read, and in 1860 this number had reached 59,832 In all such commonwealths except Arkansas, Louisiana, Florida, and Mississippi there was an increase in illiteracy a the free blacks These States, however, were hardly exceptional, because Arkansas and Mississippi had suffered a decrease in their free colored population, that of Florida had remained the saht The statistics of the Northern States indicate just the opposite trend Notwithstanding the increase of persons of color resulting fro element, there was in all free States exclusive of California, Illinois, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania a decrease in the illiteracy of Negroes But these States hardly constitute exceptions; for California, Wisconsin, and Minnesota had very few colored inhabitants in 1850, and the others had during this decade received so h that race prejudice and its concoress of their transplanted freedmen[1] In the Northern States where this condition did not obtain, the benevolent whites had, in cooperation with the Negroes, donethese years

[Footnote 1: STATISTICS OF THE FREE COLORED POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1860

STATE Population| ATTENDING SCHOOL | ADULTS UNABLE TO READ +----- +----- +------ +-------- +------- +---- -- Males | Males Females | Females Total | Total ---------------- +-------- +----- +------- +------- +------- +------- +------ Alabama 2,690 48 65 114 192 263 455 Arkansas 144 3 2 5 10 13 23 California 4,086 69 84 153 497 207 704 Connecticut 8,627 737 641 1,378 181 164 345 Delaware 19,829 122 128 250 3,056 3,452 6,508 Florida 932 3 6 9 48 72 120 Georgia 3,500 3 4 7 255 318 573 Illinois 7,628 264 347 611 632 695 1,327 Indiana 11,428 570 552 1,122 869 904 1,773 Iowa 1,069 77 61 138 92 77 169 Kansas 625 8 6 14 25 38 63 Kentucky 10,684 102 107 209 1,113 1,350 2,463 Louisiana 18,647 153 122 275 485 717 1,202 Maine 1,327 148 144 292 25 21 46 Maryland 83,942 687 668 1,355 9,904 11,795 21,699 Massachusetts 9,602 800 815 1,615 291 368 659 Michigan 6,797 555 550 1,105 558 486 1,044 Minnesota 259 8 10 18 6 6 12 Mississippi 773 0 2 2 50 60 110 Missouri 3,572 76 79 155 371 514 885 New Hampshi+re 494 49 31 80 15 19 34 New Jersey 25,318 1,413 1,328 2,741 1,720 2,085 3,805 New York 49,005 2,955 2,739 5,694 2,653 3,260 5,913 North Carolina 30,463 75 58 133 3,067 3,782 6,849 Ohio 36,673 2,857 2,814 5,671 2,995 3,191 6,186 Oregon 128 0 0 2 7 5 12 Pennsylvania 56,949 3,882 3,691 7,573 3,893 5,466 9,359 Rhode Island 3,952 276 256 532 119 141 260 South Carolina 9,914 158 207 365 633 783 1,416 Tennessee 7,300 28 24 52 743 952 1,695 Texas 355 4 7 11 25 37 62 Verinia 58,042 21 20 41 5,489 6,008 12,397 Wisconsin 1,171 62 50 112 53 45 98

TERRITORIES

Colorado 46 No returns Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 District Columbia 11,131 315 363 678 1,131 2,224 3,375 Nebraska 67 1 1 2 6 7 13 Nevada 45 0 0 0 6 1 7 New Mexico 85 0 0 0 12 15 27 Utah 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 Washi+ngton 30 0 0 0 1 0 1

Total 488,070 16,594 16,035 32,629 41,275 50,461 91,736