Part 17 (2/2)

This appears to be precisely the action which is presented to us in the three constellations of _Andromeda_, _Cetus_, and _Erida.n.u.s_. Andromeda is always shown as a woman in distress, and the Sea-monster, though placed far from her in the sky, has always been understood to be her persecutor. Thus Aratus writes--

”Andromeda, though far away she flies, Dreads the Sea-monster, low in southern skies.”

The latter, baffled in his pursuit of his victim, has cast the river, _Erida.n.u.s_, out of his mouth, which, flowing down below the southern horizon, is apparently swallowed up by the earth.

It need occasion no surprise that we should find imagery used by St.

John in his prophecy already set forth in the constellations nearly 3,000 years before he wrote. Just as, in this same book, St. John repeated Daniel's vision of the fourth beast, and Ezekiel's vision of the living creatures, as he used the well-known details of the Jewish Temple, the candlesticks, the laver, the altar of incense, so he used a group of stellar figures perfectly well known at the time when he wrote.

In so doing the beloved disciple only followed the example which his Master had already set him. For the imagery in the parables of our Lord is always drawn from scenes and objects known and familiar to all men.

In two instances in which _leviathan_ is mentioned, a further expression is used which has a distinct astronomical bearing. In the pa.s.sage already quoted, where Job curses the day of his birth, he desires that it may not ”behold the eyelids of the morning.” And in the grand description of _leviathan_, the crocodile, in chapter xli., we have--

”His neesings flash forth light, And his eyes are like the eyelids of the morning.”

Canon Driver considers this as an ”allusion, probably to the reddish eyes of the crocodile, which are said to appear gleaming through the water before the head comes to the surface.” This is because of the position of the eyes on the animal's head, not because they have any peculiar brilliancy.

”It is an idea exclusively Egyptian, and is another link in the chain of evidence which connects the author of the poem with Egypt. The crocodile's head is so formed that its highest points are the eyes; and when it rises obliquely to the surface the eyes are the first part of the whole animal to emerge. The Egyptians observing this, compared it to the sun rising out of the sea, and made it the hieroglyphic representative of the idea of sunrise. Thus Horus Apollo says: When the Egyptians represent the sunrise, they paint the eye of the crocodile, because it is first seen as that animal emerges from the water.”[209:1]

In this likening of the eyes of the crocodile to the eyelids of the morning, we have the comparison of one natural object with another. Such comparison, when used in one way and for one purpose, is the essence of poetry; when used in another way and for another purpose, is the essence of science. Both poetry and science are opposed to myth, which is the confusion of natural with imaginary objects, the mistaking the one for the other.

Thus it is poetry when the Psalmist speaks of the sun ”as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber”; for there is no confusion in his thought between the two natural objects. The sun is like the bridegroom in the glory of his appearance. The Psalmist does not ascribe to him a bride and children.

It is science when the astronomer compares the spectrum of the sun with the spectra of various metals in the laboratory. He is comparing natural object with natural object, and is enabled to draw conclusions as to the elements composing the sun, and the condition in which they there exist.

But it is myth when the Babylonian represents Bel or Merodach as the solar deity, destroying Tiamat, the dragon of darkness, for there is confusion in the thought. The imaginary G.o.d is sometimes given solar, sometimes human, sometimes superhuman characteristics. There is no actuality in much of what is a.s.serted as to the sun or as to the wholly imaginary being a.s.sociated with it. The mocking words of Elijah to the priests of Baal were justified by the intellectual confusion of their ideas, as well as by the spiritual degradation of their idolatry.

”Cry aloud: for he is a G.o.d; either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awakened.”

Such nature-myths are not indications of the healthy mental development of a primitive people; they are the clear signs of a pathological condition, the symptoms of intellectual disease.

It is well to bear in mind this distinction, this opposition between poetry and myth, for ignoring it has led to not a little misconception as to the occurrence of myth in Scripture, especially in connection with the names a.s.sociated with the crocodile. Thus it has been broadly a.s.serted that ”the original mythical signification of the monsters _tehom_, _livyathan_, _tannim_, _rahab_, is unmistakably evident.”

Of these names the first signifies the world of waters; the second and third real aquatic animals; and the last, ”the proud one,” is simply an epithet of Egypt, applied to the crocodile as the representation of the kingdom. There is no more myth in setting forth Egypt by the crocodile or leviathan than in setting forth Great Britain by the lion, or Russia by the bear.

The Hebrews in setting forth their enemies by crocodile and other ferocious reptiles were not describing any imaginary monsters of the primaeval chaos, but real oppressors. The Egyptian, with his ”house of bondage,” the a.s.syrian, ”which smote with a rod,” the Chaldean who made havoc of Israel altogether, were not dreams. And in beseeching G.o.d to deliver them from their latest oppressor the Hebrews naturally recalled, not some idle tale of the fabulous achievements of Babylonian deities, but the actual deliverance G.o.d had wrought for them at the Red Sea.

There the Egyptian crocodile had been made ”meat to the people inhabiting the wilderness” when the corpses of Pharaoh's bodyguard, cast up on the sh.o.r.e, supplied the children of Israel with the weapons and armour of which they stood in need. So in the day of their utter distress they could still cry in faith and hope--

”Yet G.o.d is my King of old, Working salvation in the midst of the earth.

Thou didst divide the sea by Thy strength: Thou brakest the heads of the dragons in the waters.

Thou brakest the heads of leviathan in pieces, And gavest him to be meat to the people inhabiting the wilderness.

Thou didst cleave the fountain and the flood: Thou driedst up mighty rivers.

The day is Thine, the night also is Thine: Thou hast prepared the light and the sun.

Thou hast set all the borders of the earth: Thou hast made summer and winter.”

FOOTNOTES:

[209:1] P. H. Gosse, in the _Imperial Bible-Dictionary_.

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