Part 51 (2/2)
[529] 'Make baskets of the bark of trees.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p.
368. 'Make a very ingenious straw box for keeping their worm bait alive; burying it in the earth, yet not allowing the worms to escape.'
_Kneeland's Wonders of Yosemite_, p. 52. 'Die gewohnlichste Form fur den Korb ist halbconisch, 3 Fuss lang und 18 Zoll breit.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 182. 'Their baskets, made of willows, are perfectly water-tight.' _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 305. 'They sometimes ornament the smaller ones with beads, pearl-sh.e.l.l, feathers, &c.'
_Revere's Tour_, p. 122 'Leurs mortiers de pierre et divers autres utensiles sont artistiquement incrustes de morceaux de nacre de perle ... garnissent leur caleba.s.ses et leur cruches d'ouvrages de vannerie brodes avec des fils-delies qu'elles tirent de diverses racines.'
_Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 233; _Langsdorff's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 165; _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p. 243; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 107; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom.
ii., p. 367; _Chamisso_, in _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 48; _Borthwick's Three Years in Cal._, p. 131; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 324.
[530] _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 47. At Clear Lake 'their canoes or rather rafts are made of bundles of the tule plant.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 107. At San Francis...o...b..y and vicinity 'the only canoes of the Indians are made of plaited reeds.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 90. 'They do not possess horses or canoes of any kind; they only know how to fasten together bundles of rushes, which carry them over the water by their comparative lightness.' _Chamisso_, in _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 48. 'Les Indiens font leur pirogues a l'instant ou ils veulent entreprendre un voyage par eau; elles sont en roseaux. Lorsque l'on y entre elles s'emplissent a moitie d'eau; de sorte qu'a.s.sis, l'on en a jusqu'au gras de la jambe; on les fait aller avec des avirons extremement longs, et pointus aux deux extremites.'
_Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, part iii., p. 6. Had no boats, but it was reported that they had previously used boats made of rushes.
_Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 103. 'The most rude and sorry contrivances for embarcation I had ever beheld.... They were constructed of rushes and dried gra.s.s of a long broad leaf, made up into rolls the length of the canoe, the thickest in the middle and regularly tapering to a point at each end ... appeared to be very ill calculated to contend with wind and waves.... They conducted their canoe or vessel by long double-bladed paddles, like those used by the Esquimaux.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 5. 'The balsas are entirely formed of the bulrush ... commonly the rowers sit on them soaked in water, as they seldom rise above the surface.' _Forbes' Cal._, p. 191.
Build no canoes, but occasionally make use of rafts composed of one or two logs, generally split. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 192. 'The ”Balsa” is the only thing of the boat kind known among them. It is constructed entirely of bulrushes ... sit flat upon the craft, soaked in water, plying their paddles ... most of them in all kinds of weather, are either below, or on a level with the water.'
_Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 368. 'My opinion is that the Indians of California, previous to the occupation by the Jesuit Fathers had no other boats than those made from the tule, and even as late as 1840, I never knew or heard of an Indian using any other.' _Phelps' Letter, MS._
[531] _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 103; _Cronise's Nat. Wealth_, p. 23.
[532] _Roquefeuil's Voy._, pp. 25-6. Tule is an Aztec word, from _tollin_, signifying rushes, flags, or reeds. _Molina_, _Vocabulario._ Mendoza says that when the ancient Mexicans arrived at the site of Mexico, it was a complete swamp, covered 'con grandes matorrales de enea, que llaman _tuli_.' _Esplicacion del Codice_, in _Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq._, vol. v., p. 40. That the Spaniards themselves had not boats at this time is also a.s.serted by Kotzebue: 'That no one has yet attempted to build even the simplest canoe in a country which produces a superabundance of the finest wood for the purpose, is a striking proof of the indolence of the Spaniards, and the stupidity of the Indians.'
_New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 90.
[533] _Phelps' Letter, MS._
[534] _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 415. 'Sending off a man with great expedition, to vs in a canow.' _Drake's World Encomp._, p. 119.
[535] The sh.e.l.ls 'they broke and rubbed down to a circular shape, to the size of a dime, and strung them on a thread of sinews.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _March 2, 1860_. 'Three kinds of money were employed ...
white sh.e.l.l-beads, or rather b.u.t.tons, pierced in the centre and strung together, were rated at $5 a yard; periwinkles, at $1 a yard; fancy marine sh.e.l.ls, at various prices, from $3 to $10, or $15, according to their beauty.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 325.
[536] The office of chief is hereditary in the male line only. The widows and daughters of the chiefs are, however, treated with distinction, and are not required to work, as other women. _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 73. In one case near Clear Lake, when 'the males of a family had become extinct and a female only remained, she appointed a chief.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112. At the Port of Sardinas 'durmio dos noches en la capitana una india anciana, que era senora de estos pueblos, acompanada de muchos Indios.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. x.x.xii.
[537] The Kainameahs had three hereditary chiefs. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 103.
[538] In Russian River Valley and the vicinity: 'Die Achtung die man fur den Vater hegte, geht haufig auf den Sohn uber; aber die Gewalt des Oberhauptes ist im Allgemeinen sehr nichtig; denn es steht einem jeden frei, seinen Geburtsort zu verla.s.sen und einen anderen Aufenthalt zu wahlen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, pp. 77-8. 'Derjenige, der am meisten Anverwandte besitzt, wird als Hauptling oder Tojon anerkannt; in grosseren Wohnsitzen giebt es mehrere solcher Tojone, aber ihre Autoritat ist nichts sagend. Sie haben weder das Recht zu befehlen, noch den Ungehorsam zu zuchtigen.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u.
Ethno._, p. 86. At Clear Lake chiefdom was hereditary. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112. See also pp. 103, 110. Among the Gualalas and Gallinomeros, chieftains.h.i.+p was hereditary. The Sanels live in large huts, each containing 20 or 30 persons related to each other, each of these families has its own government. The Comachos paid voluntary tribute for support of chief. _Powers' Pomo, MS._ In the Sacramento Valley a chief has more authority than that arising merely from his personal character. _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 108. On the coast between San Diego and San Francisco, in the vicinity of San Miguel 'chaque village est gouverne despotiquement par un chef qui est seul arbitre de la paix et de la guerre.' _f.a.ges_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 163. See also _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 227; _Jewett_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 244; _Gerstaecker's Journ._, p. 213; _Histoire Chretienne de la Cal._, p. 52; _Wimmel_, _Californien_, pp.
177-8.
[539] 'El robo era un delito casi desconocido en ambas naciones. Entre los Runsienes se miraba quasi con indiferencia el homicidio; pero no asi entre los Eslenes, los quales castigaban al delinquente con pena de muerte.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 171. 'Im Fall ein Indianer ein Verbrechen in irgend einem Stamme verubt hat, und die Hauptlinge sich bestimmt haben ihn zu todten, so geschieht dies durch Bogen und Pfeil.'
_Wimmel_, _Californien_, pp. 177-8; _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol.
xii., p. 24.
[540] _Drake's World Encomp._, pp. 124-6.
[541] _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178.
[542] Near San Francisco, 'teniendo muchas mugeres, sin que entre ellas se experimente la menor emulacion.' _Palou_, _Vida de Junipero Serra_, p. 217. At Monterey 'la polygamie leur etait permise.' _La Perouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 303. In Tuolumne County 'polygamy is practiced.'
_Healey_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 244. At Clear Lake 'polygamy is practiced only by the chiefs.' _Revere's Tour_, p. 125. 'Bei manchen Stammen wird Vielweiberei gestattet.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178.
'A man often marries a whole family, the mother and her daughters.... No jealousies ever appear among these families of wives.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 367. 'An Indian man may have as many wives as he can keep; but a woman cannot have a plurality of husbands, or men to whom she owes obedience.' _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 224. In the Sacramento Valley 'the men in general have but one wife.'
_Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 108. 'Of these Indians it is reported that no one has more than one wife.' _Wilkes'
Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 201. 'Entre los Runsienes y Eslenes no era permitido a cada hombre tener mas de una muger.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 170. At Clear Lake and down the coast to San Francis...o...b..y 'they have but one wife at a time.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112. In the vicinity of Fort Ross 'es ist nicht erlaubt mehr als eine Frau zu haben.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 88. In the country round San Miguel 'non-seulement ce capitaine a le droit d'avoir deux femmes, tandis que les autres Indiens n'en ont qu'une, mais il peut les renvoyer quand cela lui plait, pour en prendre d'autres dans le village.' _f.a.ges_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 163. See also _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 227.
[543] At Monterey, 'ils etaient meme dans l'usage d'epouser toutes les soeurs d'une famille.' _La Perouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 303. Near Fort Ross, 'die Blutsverwandtschaft wird streng beachtet und es ist nicht gestattet aus dem ersten oder zweiten Grade der Verwandtschaft zu heirathen; selbst im Falle einer Scheidung darf der nachste Anverwandte die Frau nicht ehelichen, doch giebt es auch Ausnahmen.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 88. At San Francisco 'no conocen para sus casamientos el parentezco de afinidad; antes bien este los incita a recibir por sus propias mugeres a sus cunadas, y aun a las suegras, y la costumbre que observan es, que el que logra una muger, tiene por suyas a todas sus hermanas.' _Palou_, _Vida de Junipero Serra_, p. 217.
<script>