Part 50 (1/2)

[496] _Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._; _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._; _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 317; _Powers' Pomo, MS._; _Chase_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 432.

[497] _Meacham's Lecture on the Modocs_, in _S. F. Alta California_, _Oct. 6, 1873_; _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._

[498] On Pitt River they burn their dead and heap stones over the ashes for a monument. 'No funeral ceremonies.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._ On the ocean frontier of south Oregon and north California 'the dead are buried with their faces looking to the west.'

_Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, _March, 1856_. The Patawats and Chillulas bury their dead. The Tolewahs are not allowed to name the dead. _Powers'

Pomo, MS._ 'It is one of the most strenuous Indian laws that whoever mentions the name of a deceased person is liable to a heavy fine, the money being paid to the relatives.' _Chase_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol.

ii., p. 431. 'The bodies had been doubled up, and placed in a sitting posture in holes. The earth, when replaced, formed conical mounds over the heads.' _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi., p. 69. 'They bury their dead under the noses of the living, and with them all their worldly goods. If a man of importance, his house is burned and he is buried on its site.' _Johnson_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 536.

'The chick or ready money, is placed in the owner's grave, but the bow and quiver become the property of the nearest male relative. Chiefs only receive the honors of a fence, surmounted with feathers, round the grave.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 175. 'Upon the death of one of these Indians they raised a sort of funeral cry, and afterward burned the body within the house of their ruler.' _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 19.

[499] _Muck-a-muck_, food. In the Chinook Jargon 'to eat; to bite; food.

Muckamuck chuck, to drink water.' _Dict. Chinook Jargon, or Indian Trade Language_, p. 12.

[500] In the vicinity of Nootka Sound and the Columbia River, the first United States traders with the natives were from Boston; the first English vessels appeared about the same time, which was during the reign of George III. Hence in the Chinook Jargon we find '_Boston_, an American; _Boston illahie_, the United States;' and '_King George_, English--_King George man_, an Englishman.'

[501] 'They will often go three or four miles out of their way, to avoid pa.s.sing a place which they think to be haunted.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._

[502] The Pitt River Indians 'are very shrewd in the way of stealing, and will beat a coyote. They are full of cunning.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._ They 'are very treacherous and b.l.o.o.d.y in their dispositions.' _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi., p. 61. 'The Indians of the North of California stand at the very lowest point of culture.' _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 316. 'Incapable of treachery, but ready to fight to the death in avenging an insult or injury. They are active and energetic in the extreme.' _Kelly's Excursion to Cal._, vol. ii., p. 166. At Klamath Lake they are noted for treachery.

_Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p. 205. 'The Tolowas resemble the Hoopas in character, being a bold and masterly race, formidable in battle, aggressive and haughty.' The Patawats are 'extremely timid and inoffensive.' The Chihulas, like most of the coast tribes 'are characterized by hideous and incredible superst.i.tions.' The Modocs 'are rather a cloddish, indolent, ordinarily good-natured race, but treacherous at bottom, sullen when angered, and notorious for keeping punic faith. Their bravery n.o.body can dispute.' The Yukas are a 'tigerish, truculent, sullen, thievish, and every way bad, but brave race.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._ On Trinity River 'they have acquired the vices of the whites without any of their virtues.' _Heintzelman_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 391. Above the forks of the main Trinity they are 'fierce and intractable.' On the Klamath they 'have a reputation for treachery, as well as revengefulness; are thievish, and much disposed to sulk if their whims are not in every way indulged.'

They 'blubber like a schoolboy at the application of a switch.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 139, 141, 176. The Rogue River Indians and Shastas 'are a warlike race, proud and haughty, but treacherous and very degraded in their moral nature.' _Miller_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 361. At Rogue River they are 'brave, haughty, indolent, and superst.i.tious.' _Ostrander_, in _Id._, 1857, p. 363; _Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._

[503] These are not to be confounded with the Yukas in Round Valley, Tehama County.

[504] Spelled Walhalla on some maps.

[505] In the vicinity of Fort Ross, 'Die Indianer sind von mittlerem Wuchse, doch trifft man auch hohe Gestalten unter ihnen an; sie sind ziemlich wohl proportionirt, die Farbe der Haut ist braunlich, doch ist diese Farbe mehr eine Wirkung der Sonne als angeboren; die Augen und Haare sind schwarz, die letzteren stehen straff.... Beide Geschlechter sind von kraftigem Korperbau.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u.

Ethn._, p. 81. 'Quoique surpris dans un tres-grand neglige, ces hommes me parurent beaux, de haute taille, robustes et parfaitement decouples ...

traits reguliers ... yeux noirs ... nez aquilin surmonte d'un front eleve, les pommettes des joues arrondies, ... fortes levres ... dents blanches et bien rangees ... peau jaune cuivre, un cou annoncant la vigueur et soutenu par de larges epaules ... un air intelligent et fier a la fois.... Je trouvai toutes les femmes horriblement laides.'

_Laplace_, _Circ.u.mnav._, tom. vi., 145-6. At the head of the Eel River 'the average height of these men was not over five feet four or five inches. They were lightly built, with no superfluous flesh, but with very deep chests and sinewy legs.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 119. 'The Clear Lake Indians are of a very degraded caste; their foreheads naturally being often as low as the compressed skulls of the Chinooks, and their forms commonly small and ungainly.' _Id._, p.

108. At Bodega Bay 'they are an ugly and brutish race, many with negro profiles.' _Id._, p. 103. 'They are physically an inferior race, and have flat, unmeaning features, long, coa.r.s.e, straight black hair, big mouths, and very dark skins.' _Revere's Tour_, p. 120. 'Large and strong, their colour being the same as that of the whole territory.'

_Maurelle's Jour._, p. 47. It is said of the natives of the Sacramento valley, that 'their growth is short and stunted; they have short thick necks, and clumsy heads; the forehead is low, the nose flat with broad nostrils, the eyes very narrow and showing no intelligence, the cheek-bones prominent, and the mouth large. The teeth are white, but they do not stand in even rows: and their heads are covered by short, thick, rough hair.... Their color is a dirty yellowish-brown.'

_Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 307. 'This race of Indians is probably inferior to all others on the continent. Many of them are diminutive in stature, but they do not lack muscular strength, and we saw some who were tall and well-formed.... Their complexion is a dark mahogany, or often nearly black, their faces round or square, with features approximating nearer to the African than the Indian. Wide, enormous mouth, noses nearly flat, and hair straight, black, and coa.r.s.e....

Small, gleaming eyes.' _Johnson's Cal. and Ogn._, pp. 142-3. Of good stature, strong and muscular. _Bryant's Cal._, p. 266. 'Rather below the middle stature, but strong, well-knit fellows.... Good-looking, and well limbed.' _Kelly's Excursion to Cal._, vol. ii., pp. 81, 111. 'They were in general fine stout men.' A great diversity of physiognomy was noticeable. _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., pp. 105, 107. On the Sacramento 'were fine robust men, of low stature, and badly formed.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 198. 'The mouth is very large, and the nose broad and depressed.' 'Chiefly distinguished by their dark color ... broad faces, a low forehead.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 222. 'Their features are coa.r.s.e, broad, and of a dark chocolate color.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 2, 1860_. At Drake's Bay, just above San Francisco, the men are 'commonly so strong of body, that that which two or three of our men could hardly beare, one of them would take vpon his backe, and without grudging carrie it easily away, vp hill and downe hill an English mile together.'

_Drake's World Encomp._, p. 131. 'Los Naturales de este sitio y Puerto son algo triguenos, por lo quemados del Sol, aunque los venidos de la otra banda del Puerto y del Estero ... son mas blancos y corpulentos.'

_Palou_, _Vida de Junipero Serra_, p. 215. 'Ugly, stupid, and savage; otherwise they are well formed, tolerably tall, and of a dark brown complexion. The women are short, and very ugly; they have much of the negro in their countenance.... Very long, smooth, and coal-black hair.'

_Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., pp. 282-3. 'They all have a very savage look, and are of a very dark color.' _Chamisso_, in _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 47. 'Ill made; their faces ugly, presenting a dull, heavy, and stupid countenance.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 13. The Tcholovoni tribe 'differe beaucoup de toutes les autres par les traits du visage par sa physionomie, par un exterieur a.s.sez agreable.'

_Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, part iii., p. 6., plate vi., vii., xii. 'The Alchones are of good height, and the Tuluraios were thought to be, generally, above the standard of Englishmen. Their complexion is much darker than that of the South-sea Islanders, and their features far inferior in beauty.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 76. At Santa Clara they are 'of a blackish colour, they have flat faces, thick lips, and black, coa.r.s.e, straight hair.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 98.

'Their features are handsome, and well-proportioned; their countenances are cheerful and interesting.' _Morrell's Voy._, p. 212. At Placerville they are 'most repulsive-looking wretches.... They are nearly black, and are exceedingly ugly.' _Borthwick's Three Years in Cal._, p. 128. In the Yosemite Valley 'they are very dark colored,' and 'the women are perfectly hideous.' _Kneeland's Wonders of Yosemite_, p. 52. The Monos on the east side of the Sierra are 'a fine looking race, straight, and of good height, and appear to be active.' _Von Schmidt_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1856, p. 2-3. At Monterey 'ils sont en general bien faits, mais faibles d'esprit et de corps.' In the vicinity of San Miguel, they are 'generalement d'une couleur foncee, sales et mal faits ... a l'exception tout fois des Indiens qui habitent sur les bords de la riviere des tremblements de terre, et sur la cote voisine. Ceux-ci sont blancs, d'une joli figure, et leurs cheveux tirent sur le roux.' _f.a.ges_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 332, 163; also quoted in _Marmier_, _Notice sur les Indiens_, p. 236. 'Sont generalement pet.i.ts, faibles ... leur couleur est tres-approchante de celle des negres dont les cheveux ne sont point laineux: ceux de ces peuples sont longs et tres-forts.' _La Perouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 281. 'La taille des hommes est plus haute (than that of the Chilians), et leurs muscles mieux p.r.o.nonces.' The figure of the women 'est plus elevee (than that of the Chilian women), et la forme de leurs membres est plus reguliere; elles sont en general d'une stature mieux developpee et d'une physionomie moins repoussante.' _Rollin_, in _La Perouse_, _Voy._, tom.

iv., p. 52. At San Jose 'the men are almost all rather above the middling stature, and well built; very few indeed are what may be called undersized. Their complexions are dark but not negro like ... some seemed to possess great muscular strength; they have very coa.r.s.e black hair.' Some of the women were more than five feet six inches in height.

And speaking of the Californian Indians, in general, 'they are of a middling, or rather of a low stature, and of a dark brown colour, approaching to black ... large projecting lips, and broad, flat, negro-like noses; ... bear a strong resemblance to the negroes.... None of the men we saw were above five feet high ... ill-proportioned ... we had never seen a less pleasing specimen of the human race.'

_Langsdorff's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 194-5, 164, see plate. And speaking generally of the Californian Indians: 'Die Manner sind im Allgemeinen gut gebaut und von starker Korperbildung,' height 'zwischen funf Fuss vier Zoll und funf Fuss zehn oder eilf Zoll.' Complexion 'die um ein klein wenig h.e.l.ler als bei den Mulatten, also weit dunkler ist, als bei den ubrigen Indianerstammen.' _Osswald_, _Californien_, p. 62. The coast Indians 'are about five feet and a half in height, and rather slender and feeble,' in the interior they 'are taller and more robust.'

_Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 364. 'Cubische Schadelform, niedrige Stirn, breites Gesicht, mit hervorragendem Jochbogen, breite Lippen und grosser Mund, mehr platte Nase und am Innenwinkel herabgezogene Augen.'

_Wimmel_, _Californien_, pp. v, 177. 'Les Californiens sont presque noirs; la disposition de leur yeux et l'ensemble de leur visage leur donnent avec les europeens une ressemblance a.s.sez marquee.' _Rossi_, _Souvenirs_, pp. 279-80. 'They are small in stature; thin, squalid, dirty, and degraded in appearance. In their habits little better than an ourang-outang, they are certainly the worst type of savage I have ever seen.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 249. 'More swarthy in complexion, and of less stature than those east of the Rocky Mountains ... more of the Asiatic cast of countenance than the eastern tribe.' _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 304. 'Depa.s.se rarement la hauteur de cinq pieds deux ou trois pouces; leur membres sont greles et mediocrement muscles. Ils ont de grosses levres qui se projettent en avant, le nez large et aplati comme les Ethiopiens; leurs cheveux sont noirs, rude et droits.'

_Auger_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 165. 'Generally of small stature, robust appearance, and not well formed.' _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. ii., p. 91. 'Schon gewachsen und von schwartzlich-brauner Farbe.'

_Muhlenpfordt Mejico_, tom. ii., part ii., p. 455. 'Low foreheads and skins as black as Guinea negroes.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 85.

'En naissant les enfants sont presque blancs ... mais ils noircissent en grandissant.' 'Depuis le nord du Rio Sacramento jusqu'au cap San Lucas ... leurs caracteres physique, leurs moeurs et leurs usages sont les memes.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 263, 367. 'Skin of such a deep reddish-brown that it seems almost black.' _Figuier's Human Race_, p. 493; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 528; _Forbes'

Cal._, pp. 180-3; _Harper's Monthly_, vol. xiii., p. 583. 'A fine set of men, who, though belonging to different nationalities, had very much the same outward appearance; so that when you have seen one you seem to have seen them all.' _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, p. 15.

[506] On the Sacramento River 'the men universally had some show of a beard, an inch or so in length, but very soft and fine.' _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 105. 'They had beards and whiskers an inch or two long, very soft and fine.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 198. On Russian River 'they have quite heavy moustaches and beards on the chin, but not much on the cheeks, and they almost all suffer it to grow.' The Clear Lake Indians 'have also considerable beards, and hair on the person.' At the head of South Fork of Eel River, 'they pluck their beards.' Gibbs, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 108-119. At Monterey 'plusieurs ont de la barbe; d'autres, suivant les peres missionaires, n'en ont jamais eu, et c'est un question qui n'est pas meme decidee dans le pays.' _La Perouse_, _Voy._, vol. ii., p. 282. 'Les Californiens ont la barbe plus fournie que les Chiliens, et les parties genitales mieux garnies: cependant j'ai remarque, parmi les hommes, un grand nombre d'individus totalement depourvus de barbe; les femmes ont aussi peu de poil au penil et aux aisselles.' _Rollin_, in _La Perouse_, _Voy._, vol. iv., p. 53. 'They have the habit common to all American Indians of extracting the beard and the hair of other parts of their body.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p.

364. Beards 'short, thin, and stiff.' _Bartlett's Nar._, vol. ii., p.