Part 10 (1/2)

[9] _Silliman's Journal_, vol. xvi., p. 130. _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 13. _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 289.

[10] 'Characteristic of the Arctic regions.' _Silliman's Jour._, vol.

xvi., p. 143.

[11] At Kotzebue Sound, in July, Choris writes: 'Le sol etait emaille de fleurs de couleurs variees, dans tous les endroits ou la neige venait de fondre.' _Voyage Pittoresque_, pt. ii., p. 8.

[12] 'In der Einode der Inseln von Neu-Sibirien finden grosse Heerden von Rennthieren und zahllose Lemminge noch hinlangliche Nahrung.'

_Humboldt_, _Kosmos_, vol. iv., p. 42.

[13] 'Thermometer rises as high as 61 Fahr. With a sun s.h.i.+ning throughout the twenty-four hours the growth of plants is rapid in the extreme.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 15.

[14] 'During the period of incubation of the aquatic birds, every hole and projecting crag on the sides of this rock is occupied by them. Its sh.o.r.es resound with the chorus of thousands of the feathery tribe.'

_Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 349.

[15] 'Their complexion, if divested of its usual covering of dirt, can hardly be called dark.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 51. 'In comparison with other Americans, of a white complexion.' _McCulloh's Aboriginal History of America_, p. 20. 'White Complexion, not Copper coloured.' _Dobbs' Hudson's Bay_, p. 50. 'Almost as white as Europeans.'

_Kalm's Travels_, vol. ii., p. 263. 'Not darker than that of a Portuguese.' _Lyon's Journal_, p. 224. 'Scarcely a shade darker than a deep brunette.' _Parry's 3rd Voyage_, p. 493. 'Their complexion is light.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 381. 'Eye-witnesses agree in their superior lightness of complexion over the Chinooks.' _Pickering's Races of Man_, _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 28. At Coppermine River they are 'of a dirty copper color; some of the women, however, are more fair and ruddy.' _Hearne's Travels_, p. 166. 'Considerably fairer than the Indian tribes.' _Simpson's Nar._, p. 110. At Cape Bathurst 'The complexion is swarthy, chiefly, I think, from exposure and the acc.u.mulation of dirt.'

_Armstrong's Nar._, p. 192. 'Shew little of the copper-colour of the Red Indians.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 303. 'From exposure to weather they become dark after manhood.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 343.

[16] 'Both s.e.xes are well proportioned, stout, muscular, and active.'

_Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 50. 'A stout, well-looking people.' _Simpson's Nar._, pp. 110, 114. 'Below the mean of the Caucasian race.' _Dr. Hayes_, in _Historic. Magazine_, vol. i., p. 6.

'They are thick set, have a decided tendency to obesity, and are seldom more than five feet in height.' _Figuier's Human Race_, p. 211. At Kotzebue Sound, 'tallest man was five feet nine inches; tallest woman, five feet four inches.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 360. 'Average height was five feet four and a half inches.' At the mouth of the Mackenzie they are of 'middle stature, strong and muscular.'

_Armstrong's Nar._, pp. 149, 192. 'Low, broad-set, not well made, nor strong.' _Hearne's Trav._, p. 166. 'The men were in general stout.'

_Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., p. 29. 'Of a middle size, robust make, and healthy appearance.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 209. 'Men vary in height from about five feet to five feet ten inches.' _Richardson's Pol.

Reg._, p. 304. 'Women were generally short.' 'Their figure inclines to squat.' _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 224.

[17] 'Tous les individus qui appartiennent a la famille des Eskimaux, se distinguent par la pet.i.tesse de leurs pieds et de leurs mains, et la grosseur enorme de leurs tetes.' _De Pauw_, _Recherches Phil._, tom. i., p. 262. 'The hands and feet are delicately small and well formed.'

_Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 304. 'Small and beautifully made.'

_Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 50. At Point Barrow, 'their hands, notwithstanding the great amount of manual labour to which they are subject, were beautifully small and well-formed, a description equally applicable to their feet.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 101.

[18] 'The head is of good size, rather flat superiorly, but very fully developed posteriorly, evidencing a preponderance of the animal pa.s.sions; the forehead was, for the most part, low and receding; in a few it was somewhat vertical, but narrow.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 193.

Their cranial characteristics 'are the strongly developed coronary ridge, the obliquity of the zygoma, and its greater capacity compared with the Indian cranium. The former is essentially pyramidal, while the latter more nearly approaches a cubic shape.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 376.

'Greatest breadth of the face is just below the eyes, the forehead tapers upwards, ending narrowly, but not acutely, and in like manner the chin is a blunt cone.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 302. Dr Gall, whose observations on the same skulls presented him for phrenological observation are published by M. Louis Choris, thus comments upon the head of a female Eskimo from Kotzebue Sound: 'L'organe de l'instinct de la propagation se trouve extremement developpe pour une tete de femme.'

He finds the musical and intellectual organs poorly developed; while vanity and love of children are well displayed. 'En general,' sagely concluded the doctor, 'cette tete femme presentait une organization aussi heureuse que celle de la plupart des femmes d'Europe.' _Voy.

Pitt._, pt. ii., p. 16.

[19] 'Large fat round faces, high cheek bones, small hazel eyes, eyebrows slanting like the Chinese, and wide mouths.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 345. 'Broad, flat faces, high cheekbones.' _Dr Hayes_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. i., p. 6. Their 'teeth are regular, but, from the nature of their food, and from their practice of preparing hides by chewing, are worn down almost to the gums at an early age.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 51. At Hudson Strait, broad, flat, pleasing face; small and generally sore eyes; given to bleeding at the nose.

_Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., p. 29. 'Small eyes and very high cheek bones.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 209. 'La face platte, la bouche ronde, le nez pet.i.t sans etre ecrase, le blanc de l'oeil jaunatre, l'iris noir et peu brillant.' _De Pauw_, _Recherches Phil._, tom. i., p.

262. They have 'small, wild-looking eyes, large and very foul teeth, the hair generally black, but sometimes fair, and always in extreme disorder.' _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 467. 'As contrasted with the other native American races, their eyes are remarkable, being narrow and more or less oblique.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 343. Expression of face intelligent and good-natured. Both s.e.xes have mostly round, flat faces, with Mongolian cast. _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 223.

[20] 'Allowed to hang down in a club to the shoulder.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 305. Hair cut 'close round the crown of the head, and thereby, leaving a bushy ring round the lower part of it.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 345. 'Their hair is straight, black, and coa.r.s.e.'

_Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 51. A fierce expression characterized them on the Mackenzie River, which 'was increased by the long disheveled hair flowing about their shoulders.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 149. At Kotzebue Sound 'their hair was done up in large plaits on each side of the head.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 360. At Camden Bay, lofty top-knots; at Point Barrow, none. At Coppermine River the hair is worn short, unshaven on the crown, and bound with strips of deer-skin.

_Simpson's Nar._, pp. 121, 157. Some of the men have bare crowns, but the majority wear the hair flowing naturally. The women cut the hair short in front, level with the eyebrows. At Humphrey Point it is twisted with some false hair into two immense bows on the back of the head.

_Hooper's Tuski_, p. 225. 'Their hair hangs down long, but is cut quite short on the crown of the head.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 210.

Hair cut like 'that of a Capuchin friar.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol.

ii., p. 51.

[21] Crantz says the Greenlanders root it out. 'The old men had a few gray hairs on their chins, but the young ones, though grown up, were beardless.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 332. 'The possession of a beard is very rare, but a slight moustache is not infrequent.'

_Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 51. 'As the men grow old, they have more hair on the face than Red Indians.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol.