Part 18 (1/2)
[Footnote 43: _Shepherd of Ida._--Ver. 277. This may mean either Daphnis of Crete, or of Phrygia; for in both those countries there was a mountain named Ida.]
[Footnote 44: _The Curetes._--Ver. 282. According to Dionysius of Halicarna.s.sus, the Curetes were the ancient inhabitants of Crete.
We may here remark, that the story of their springing from the earth after a shower of rain, seems to have no other foundation than the fact of their having been of the race of the t.i.tans; that is, they were descended from Ura.n.u.s, or Clus and t.i.ta, by which names were meant the heaven and the earth.]
[Footnote 45: _Smilax._--Ver. 283. The dictionary meanings given for this word are--1. Withwind, a kind of herb. 2. The yew tree.
3. A kind of oak. The Nymph was probably supposed to have been changed into the first.]
EXPLANATION.
Most probably, the story of the shepherd Daphnis being turned into a stone, was no other than an allegorical method of expressing the insensibility of an individual. Thalia was the name of the Nymph who was thus affronted by Daphnis.
The story of Scython changing his s.e.x, is perhaps based upon the fact, that the country of Thrace, which took the name of Thracia from a famous sorceress, was before called Scython; and that as it lost a name of the masculine gender for one of the feminine, in after times it became reported that Scython had changed s.e.xes.
Pliny tells us that Celmus was a young man of remarkable wisdom and moderation, and that the pa.s.sions making no impression on him, he was changed into adamant. Some, however, a.s.sert that he was foster-father to Jupiter, by whom he was enclosed in an impenetrable tower, for revealing the immortality of the G.o.ds.
According to one account, Crocus and Smilax were a constant and happy married couple, who for their chaste and innocent life were said to have been changed into flowers; but another story is, that Crocus was a youth beloved by Smilax, and that on his rejecting the Nymph's advances, they were both turned into flowers.
The story of the Curetes being sprung from rain, is possibly founded on the report that they were descended from Ura.n.u.s and t.i.ta, the Heaven and the Earth. Some suppose them to have been the original inhabitants of the isle of Crete; and they are said to have watched over the infancy of Jupiter, by whom they were afterwards slain, for having concealed Epaphus from his wrath.
FABLE V. [IV.285-388]
The Naiad Salmacis falls in love with the youth Hermaphroditus, who rejects her advances. While he is bathing, she leaps into the water, and seizing the youth in her arms, they become one body, retaining their different s.e.xes.
Learn how Salmacis became infamous, {and} why it enervates, with its enfeebling waters, and softens the limbs bathed {in it}. The cause is unknown; {but} the properties of the fountain are very well known. The Naiads nursed a boy, born to Mercury of the Cytherean G.o.ddess in the caves of Ida; whose face was such that therein both mother and father could be discerned; he likewise took his name from them. As soon as he had completed thrice five years, he forsook his native mountains, and leaving Ida, the place of his nursing, he loved to wander over unknown spots, {and} to see unknown rivers, his curiosity lessening the fatigue.
He went, too, to the Lycian[46] cities, and the Carians, that border upon Lycia. Here he sees a pool of water, clear to the {very} ground at the bottom; here there are no fenny reeds, no barren sedge, no rushes with their sharp points. The water is translucent; but the edges of the pool are enclosed with green turf, and with gra.s.s ever verdant. A Nymph dwells {there}; but one neither skilled in hunting, nor accustomed to bend the bow, nor to contend in speed; the only one, too, of {all} the Naiads not known to the swift Diana. The report is, that her sisters often said to her, ”Salmacis, do take either the javelin, or the painted quiver, and unite thy leisure with the toils of the chase.” She takes neither the javelin, nor the painted quiver, nor does she unite her leisure with the toils of the chase. But sometimes she is bathing her beauteous limbs in her own spring; {and} often is she straitening her hair with a comb of Citorian boxwood,[47] and consulting the waters, into which she looks, what is befitting her. At other times, covering her body with a transparent garment, she reposes either on the soft leaves or on the soft gra.s.s. Ofttimes is she gathering flowers. And then, too, by chance was she gathering them when she beheld the youth, and wished to possess him, {thus} seen.
But though she hastened to approach {the youth}, still she did not approach him before she had put herself in order, and before she had surveyed her garments, and put on her {best} looks, and deserved to be thought beautiful. Then thus did she begin to speak: ”O youth, most worthy to be thought to be a G.o.d! if thou art a G.o.d, thou mayst {well} be Cupid; but, if thou art a mortal, happy are they who begot thee, and blessed is thy brother, and fortunate indeed thy sister, if thou hast one, and the nurse {as well} who gave thee the breast. But far, far more fortunate than all these {is she}; if thou hast any wife, if thou shouldst vouchsafe any one {the honor of} marriage. And if any one is thy {wife, then} let my pleasure be stolen; but, if thou hast none, let me be {thy wife}, and let us unite in one tie.” After these things {said}, the Naiad is silent; a blush tinges the face of the youth: he knows not what love is, but even to blush becomes him. Such is the color of apples, hanging on a tree exposed to the sun, or of painted ivory, or of the moon blus.h.i.+ng beneath her brightness when the aiding {cymbals}[48] {of} bra.s.s are resounding in vain. Upon the Nymph desiring, without ceasing, such kisses at least as he might give to his sister, and now laying her hands upon his neck, white as ivory, he says, ”Wilt thou desist, or am I to fly, and to leave this place, together with thee?”
Salmacis is affrighted, and says, ”I freely give up this spot to thee, stranger,” and, with a retiring step, she pretends to go away. But then looking back, and hid in a covert of shrubs, she lies concealed, and puts her bended knees down to the ground. But he, just like a boy, and as though un.o.bserved on the retired sward, goes here and there, and in the sportive waves dips the soles of his feet, and {then} his feet as far as his ankles. Nor is there any delay; being charmed with the temperature of the pleasant waters, he throws off his soft garments from his tender body. Then, indeed, Salmacis is astonished, and burns with desire for his naked beauty. The eyes, too, of the Nymph are on fire, no otherwise than as when the Sun,[49] most brilliant with his clear orb, is reflected from the opposite image of a mirror. With difficulty does she endure delay; hardly does she now defer her joy. Now she longs to embrace him; and now, distracted, she can hardly contain herself. He, clapping his body with his hollow palms, swiftly leaps into the stream, and throwing out his arms alternately, s.h.i.+nes in the limpid water, as if any one were to cover statues of ivory, or white lilies, with clear gla.s.s.
”I have gained my point,” says the Naiad; ”see, he is mine!” and, all her garments thrown aside, she plunges in the midst of the waters, and seizes him resisting her, and s.n.a.t.c.hes reluctant kisses, and thrusts down her hands, and touches his breast against his will, and clings about the youth, now one way, and now another. Finally, as he is struggling against her, and desiring to escape, she entwines herself about him, like a serpent which the royal bird takes up and is bearing aloft; and as it hangs, it holds fast his head and feet, and enfolds his spreading wings with its tail. Or, as the ivy is wont to wind itself along the tall trunks {of trees}; and as the polypus[50] holds fast its enemy, caught beneath the waves, by letting down his suckers on all sides; {so} does the descendant of Atlas[51] {still} persist, and deny the Nymph the hoped-for joy. She presses him hard; and clinging to him with every limb, as she holds fast, she says, ”Struggle as thou mayst, perverse one, still thou shalt not escape. So ordain it, ye G.o.ds, and let no time separate him from me, nor me from him.” Her prayers find propitious Deities, for the mingled bodies of the two are united,[52]
and one human shape is put upon them; just as if any one should see branches beneath a common bark join in growing, and spring up together.
So, when their bodies meet together in the firm embrace, they are no more two, and their form is twofold, so that they can neither be styled woman nor boy; they seem {to be} neither and both.
Therefore, when Hermaphroditus sees that the limpid waters, into which he had descended as a man, have made him but half a male, and that his limbs are softened in them, holding up his hands, he says, but now no longer with the voice of a male, ”O, both father and mother, grant this favor to your son, who has the name of you both, that whoever enters these streams a man, may go out thence {but} half a man, and that he may suddenly become effeminate in the waters when touched.” Both parents, moved, give their a.s.sent to the words of their two-shaped son, and taint the fountain with drugs of ambiguous quality.
[Footnote 46: _Lycian._--Ver. 296. Lycia was a province of Asia Minor, on the sh.o.r.es of the Mediterranean Sea. Caria was another province, adjoining to Lycia.]
[Footnote 47: _Citorian boxwood._--Ver. 311. Citorus, or Cythorus, was a mountain of Paphlagonia, famous for the excellence of the wood of the box trees that grow there. The Greeks and Romans made their combs of it. The Egyptians used them made of ivory and wood, and toothed on one side only; those of the Greeks had teeth on both sides. Great care was usually taken of the hair; to go with it uncombed was a sign of affliction.]
[Footnote 48: _The aiding cymbals._--Ver. 333. The witches and magicians, in ancient times, and especially those of Thessaly, professed to be able, with their charms and incantations, to bring the moon down from heaven. The truth of these a.s.sertions being commonly believed, at the period of an eclipse it was supposed by the mult.i.tude that the moon was being subjected to the spells of these magicians, and that she was struggling (laborabat) against them, on which the sound of drums, trumpets, and cymbals was resorted to, to distract the attention of the moon, and to drown the charms repeated by the enchanters, for which reason, the instruments employed for the purpose were styled 'auxiliares.']
[Footnote 49: _As when the Sun._--Ver. 349. Bailey gives this explanation of the pa.s.sage,-- 'The eyes of the Nymph seemed to sparkle and s.h.i.+ne, just as the rays of the sun in a clear sky when a looking-gla.s.s is placed against them, for then they seem most splendid, and contract the fire.' From the mention of the eyes of the Nymph burning 'flagrant,' we might be almost justified in concluding that 'speculum' means here not a mirror, but a burning-gla.s.s. The 'specula,' or looking-gla.s.ses, of the ancients were usually made of metal, either a composition of tin and copper, or silver; but in later times, alloy was mixed with the silver. Pliny mentions the obsidian stone, or, as it is now called, the Icelandic agate, as being used for this purpose. Nero is said to have used emeralds for mirrors. Pliny the Elder says that mirrors were made in the gla.s.s-houses of Sidon, which consisted of gla.s.s plates, with leaves of metal at the back; they were probably of an inferior character. Those of copper and tin were made chiefly at Brundisium. The white metal formed from this mixture soon becoming dim, a sponge with powdered pumice stone was usually fastened to the mirrors made of that composition. They were generally small, of a round or oval shape, and having a handle; and female slaves usually held them, while their mistresses were performing the duties of the toilet. Sometimes they were fastened to the walls, and they were occasionally of the length of a person's body. Venus was supposed often to use the mirror; but Minerva repudiated the use of it.]
[Footnote 50: _Polypus._--Ver. 366. This is a fish which entangles its prey, mostly consisting of sh.e.l.l fish, in its great number of feet or feelers. Ovid here calls them 'flagella;' but in the Halieuticon he styles them 'brachia' and 'crines.' Pliny the Elder calls them 'crines' and 'cirri.']
[Footnote 51: _Descendant of Atlas._--Ver. 368. Hermaphroditus was the great-grandson of Atlas; as the latter was the father of Maia, the mother of Mercury, who begot Hermaphroditus.]
[Footnote 52: _The two are united._--Ver. 374. Clarke translates, 'nam mixta duorum corpora junguntur,' 'for the bodies of both, being jumbled together, are united.']
EXPLANATION.