Part 1 (2/2)

PART II.

ETYMOLOGY.

SUBSTANTIVE.

_Substantives_ in this language are declined without the use of articles.

2. Those which may be called _verbal_, from their origin in verbs, are much used: hiosguadauh, painting, or writing, is the pa.s.sive (is painted) of the present active hiosguan, I paint. They have their times: hiosguadauh is in the present, expressing the picture I form now of the pa.s.sive preterite hiosguacauh, the work I have executed, of which hiosguatzidaugh, the picture I will make, is the future pa.s.sive: and when to these verbal substantives is added the particle gua, it denotes place, as, No hiosguadaubgua, the place where I paint, etc.

GUA.

3. But words signifying kindred, have their termination usually in gua also, for which see section 16.

SIVEN, RINA.

4, 5. _Other verbal substantives_, signifying instruments, are made from the future active: thus, the verb metecan, I chop, having metetze in the future, receives siven in lieu of the final syllable, and makes the substantive, metesiven, axe or tool with which to chop. Many of these words likewise terminate in rina, as bicusirina, flute, from bicudan, I whistle, and bihirina, shovel, from bihan, I sc.r.a.pe.

RAGUA, SURA.

6, 7. Many _abstract nouns_ are formed by the addition of the particle ragua, as vade, joyously; vaderagua, joy; deni, good; deniragua, goodness; dohme, man, or people; dohmeragua, humanity; and so diosragua, divinity. Others, substantive nouns, applied to certain places end in sura, as, omasura, canebrake, from om, cane, and sura, in or among; huerigosura, reedfield; huparosura, mesquitscrub: and so a town is called Oposura, because it is among some trees called opo, elm.

8. The _verbs are substantives_ likewise, and as such are declined as much so as the same words are conjugated when verbs: thus, nemutzan, I bewitch, is also wizard, and hiosguan, I write, is scrivener; but it is to be observed of these substantives, as well as of those which end in daugh, that they too have equally their times, as nemutzan, the wizard--that is now, in the present; nemutzari, the preterite that has; nemutzatze, the future that will, with the difference that these terminations are active, while those in daugh, etc., are pa.s.sive.

ADJECTIVE NOUNS.

TERI, EI, RAVE, E, I, O, U.

9, 10, 11, 12. The many _adjective nouns_ ending in teri, and ei, signify quality, as, baviteri, elegant; aresumeteri, different or distinct; tasuquei, narrow; asoquei, thick; sutei, white; and so of the rest signifying color. Some ending in rave, denote plenitude; for example, sitorave, full of honey; composed of sitori, honey, and rave, full; seborrave, full of flies; aterave of ate, louse, etc.; others, ending in e, i, o, u, signify possession, as, ese, she that has petticoats; cune, she that has a husband; guasue, he that has land for planting; huvi, the married man, from hub, woman; nono, he that has a father, from nonogua, father, and sutuu, he that has finger-nails, from sutu: and they, moreover, have their times like verbs, since, from ese is formed esei, preterite, she that had petticoats; cunetze, future, she that will marry, etc.; and afterwards they are declined as nouns, as, _Nom._, esei; _Gen._ eseigue. (For other form of the possessive, see section 19.)

CA, SARI, SCOR, SGUARI.

13, 14. It is usual for the want of many positive affirmatives in the language to express by the positive of the opposite signification, adding the negation ca, as, nucuateri, perishable; canucuateri, everlasting; cune, married, f.; cacune, not married; hubi, married, m.; cahubi, not married, etc. Those ending in sari, and scor, mark a bad, or vicious quality, as, dedensari, tobacco-smoker, from deinan, I suck; and hibesari, gluttonous, from hibaan, I eat; nehrisari, talker, from nehren, I talk; capasari, old rags, from capat; baniscor, weeper, from baanan; cotziscor, sleeper, from cotzom; dioscor, vagabond, from dion, I walk, or vacosari, which has the same signification, from vacon. The termination, sguari, is used in this sense: dotzi, old man; dotzisguari, very old man; hoit, female of middle age; hoisguari, very old woman.

DECLENSION.

Substantives of the First Declension form their genitive in _que_, and usually are such as terminate in a vowel.

_Nominative_, Siib, hawk, _Genitive_, Siibique, of hawk, _Dative_, Siibt, to hawk, _Accusative_, Siibe, hawk, _Vocative_, Siib, hawk, _Ablative_, Sibitze, in Sibide, by > hawk.

Sibiquema, with /

The plural of substantives (requiring a special notice) will be treated of hereafter. Substantives of the Second Declension form their genitive in _te_ and _t_.

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