Part 17 (2/2)
20. Ibid., chap. 42, p. 356.
21. William and Lawrence Kaplan, The War over Iraq (2003), 121, as cited in Bacevich, The New American Militarism, 92.
22. Hobbes meant his state of nature and war of each against all not merely as imaginary constructs but as descriptions of what life is like whenever there is no ”common power” to ”awe” men into behaving peaceably. Such a condition, Hobbes argued, existed in the international relations among sovereign states and in a society in the midst of a revolution.
23. De Cive, ed. Howard Warrender (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983), chap. 10, sec. 9.
24. See ”On the Office of the Sovereign Representative,” Leviathan, chap. 30, p. 219 ff.
25. Hobbes on violent death: Leviathan, chap. 13, pp. 8183.
26. In converting the citizen into a subject, Hobbes was reacting against the more democratic conceptions of the citizen circulating during the English civil wars of the 1640s.
27. Leviathan, chap. 28, p. 209; chap. 17, p. 112.
28. New York Times, January 23, 2004, A-19, 23.
29. For a further discussion see my Tocqueville between Two Worlds:. The Making of a Political and Theoretical Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
30. Democracy in America, trans. Harvey C. Mansfield and Delba Winthrop (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 663.
31. Leviathan, 64.
CHAPTER FIVE.
THE UTOPIAN THEORY OF SUPERPOWER:.
THE OFFICIAL VERSION.
1. New York Times, April 15, 2003, B-3.
2. New York Times, March 7, 2003.
3. Not long after it had been issued, the administration withdrew it without offering an explanation or disavowal.
4. NSS, sec. 3, p. 5.
5. The Philosophy of Right, trans. T. M. Knox (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1945), p. 210, par. 325.
6. NSS, sec. 9, p. 24.
7. Ibid., sec. 1, p. 3.
8. Ibid., Introduction, p. 1.
9. Ibid., p. 2.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., p. 3.
12. Ibid., sec. 6, p. 13.
13. Ibid., sec. 9, p. 24 14. Ibid., sec. 9, p. 23. This claim is accompanied by recognition of the need for ”effective international cooperation . . . backed by American readiness to play our part.” The current controversy over reconstruction of Iraq suggests that the formula has been reversed: effective American action backed-it is hoped-by international willingness to accept a subordinate part.
15. Later some foreign businesses from France and Germany were selected to compete for contracts. Clearly this was intended as bait to weaken the opposition of those governments to the invasion.
16. See, in particular, Jeremy Scahill, Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army (New York: Nation Books, 2007).
17. NSS, sec. 9, pp. 2224. Compare Chalmers Johnson, The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic (New York: Henry Holt, 2004), 15960.
18. NSS, sec. 8, p. 18.
19. Ibid., Introduction, p. 2; sec. 3, p. 6; sec. 5, pp. 11, 12; sec. 9, p. 24.
20. Ibid., sec. 9, p. 23.
21. In the light of the Bush administration's record, the NSS's promise to ”protect the environment and workers” hardly needs comment.
22. NSS, sec. 9, pp. 23, 24.
23. Note that following the Katrina hurricane disaster of September 2005 when the administration was accused of having responded tardily and ineptly, it dispatched federal troops and began a public relations campaign to amend the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 that restricted the employment of federal troops to ”the purpose of executing the laws, except in such cases and under such circ.u.mstances as such employment of said force may be expressly authorized by the Const.i.tution or by act of Congress.”
24. It is true that when trying to quell civil insurrections or civil wars, const.i.tutional governments have appealed to reason of state in claiming extraordinary powers, but the justification was that a war existed.
25. NSS, Introduction, p. 1.
26. Ibid., sec. 9, p. 24.
27. James Fenimore Cooper, The Deerslayer (New York: New American Library, 1963), 78.
28. See the fine study by Michael J. Graetz and Ian Shapiro, Death by a Thousand Cuts: The Fight over Taxing Inherited Wealth (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005).
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