Part 6 (1/2)

Caloric retained by each lib of water at the temperature of Zero (32), 1232823

_Of the Foras with oxygen gas, so as to forree of heat is produced, which isthe other coen, when it becoreat part of the heat which it possessed in the state of gas It is certainly possible to deter the coasses, and consequently to determine what quantity remains after the coht be ascertained, by asses in an apparatus surrounded by ice; but, as the quantity of caloric disengaged is very inconsiderable, it would be necessary to operate upon a large quantity of the two gasses in a very troublesome and complicated apparatus By this consideration, Mr de la Place and I have hitherto been prevented fro the attempt In the mean time, the place of such an experiment may be supplied by calculations, the results of which cannot be very far frorated a convenient quantity of nitre and charcoal in an ice apparatus, and found that twelve pounds of ice were ration of one pound of nitre We shall see, in the sequel, that one pound of nitre is cors = 451584 grs

Dry acid 8 1 2116 = 470016

The above quantity of dry acid is cors

Azote 1 5 2582 = 96182

By this we find that, during the above deflagration, 2 gros 1-1/3 gr of charcoal have suffered coros 6634 grs of oxygen Hence, since 12 libs of ice werethe coen burnt in the same manner would have melted 2958320 libs of ice To which the quantity of caloric, retained by a pound of oxygen after co added, which was already ascertained to be capable of2913844 libs

of ice, we have for the total quantity of caloric reas in the nitric acid 5872164; which is the nuen in that state is capable of en gas, it contained at least 6666667; wherefore it follows that, in co with azote to form nitric acid, it only loses 794502 Farther experiments upon this subject are necessary to ascertain how far the results of this calculation ree with direct fact This enoren in its coreat disengagerations of nitre; or, , upon all occasions of the decomposition of nitric acid

_Of the Co exaive a few exa allowed to burn slowly in an ice apparatus,to my experiments in the Memoirs of the Academy for 1784, p 606, one pound of wax-taper consists of 13 oz 1 gros 23 grs of charcoal, and 2 oz 6 gros 49 grs of hydrogen

By the foregoing experiht to en should melt 5237605 --------- In all 13176995 libs

Thus, we see the quantity of caloric disengaged fro taper, is pretty exactly confor separately a quantity of charcoal and hydrogen equal to what enters into its composition These experiments with the taper were several times repeated, so that I have reason to believe them accurate

_Co la a determinate quantity of olive-oil, in the ordinary apparatus, and, when the experiment was finished, we ascertained exactly the quantities of oil consu the coros of ice were melted By my experiments in the Me Chapter contains an abstract, it appears that one pound of olive-oil consists of 12 oz 5 gros 5 grs of charcoal, and 3 oz 2 gros 67 grs of hydrogen By the foregoing experiments, that quantity of charcoal should en in a pound of the oil should ives 13833776 libs of ice, which the two constituent elements of the oil would have melted, had they separately suffered combustion, whereas the oil really ives an excess of 1054554 in the result of the experiment above the calculated result, from data furnished by former experiments

This difference, which is by no means very considerable, may arise from errors which are unavoidable in experi to the co as yet exactly ascertained It proves, however, that there is a great agree the coe desiderata still remain to be deteren, after co with metals, so as to convert theen, in its different states of existence; and to ascertain, with more precision than is hitherto attained, howthe formation of water, as there still remain considerable doubts with respect to our present determination of this point, which can only be removed by farther experiments We are at present occupied with this inquiry; and, when once these several points are well ascertained, which we hope they will soon be, we shall probably be under the necessity ofconsiderable corrections upon most of the results of the experiments and calculations in this Chapter I did not, however, consider this as a sufficient reason for withholding so much as is already known from such as may be inclined to labour upon the same subject It is difficult, in our endeavours to discover the principles of a new science, to avoid beginning by guess-work; and it is rarely possible to arrive at perfection fro out

CHAP X

_Of the Combination of Combustible Substances with each other_

As coen, they ought likewise to attract, or tend to combine with each other; _quae sunt eadem uni tertio, sunt eadem inter se_; and the axiom is found to be true Al with each other, and fore Most of these, like all corees of saturation; the greater number of these alloys are more brittle than the pure metals of which they are coether are considerably different in their degrees of fusibility To this difference in fusibility, part of the pheno, particularly the property of iron, called by workmen _hotshort_ This kind of iron must be considered as an alloy, or mixture of pure iron, which is almost infusible, with a small portion of soree of heat So long as this alloy remains cold, and both metals are in the solid state, the ree to liquify the more fusible metal, the particles of the liquid metal, which are interposed between the particles of thesolid, must destroy their continuity, and occasion the alloy to become brittle The alloys of mercury, with the other a the use of that term

Sulphur, phosphorus, and charcoal, readily unite with metals

Combinations of sulphur with metals are usually named _pyrites_ Their combinations with phosphorus and charcoal are either not yet named, or have received new nae the to our principles The combinations of metal and sulphur we call _sulphurets_, those with phosphorus _phosphurets_, and those formed with charcoal _carburets_ These denominations are extended to all the combinations into which the above three substances enter, without being previously oxygenated Thus, the coetable alkali, is called _sulphuret of potash_; that which it forms with ammoniac, or volatile alkali, is teren is likewise capable of coas, it dissolves charcoal, sulphur, phosphorus, and several uish these coas_, _sulphurated hydrogen gas_, and _phosphorated hydrogen gas_ The sulphurated hydrogen gas was called _hepatic air_ by former chemists, or _foetid air from sulphur_, by Mr Scheele The virtues of several mineral waters, and the foetid smell of anias The phosphorated hydrogen gas is ree into contact with atas has a strong flavour, rese that of putrid fish; and it is very probable that the phosphorescent quality of fish, in the state of putrefaction, arises froen and charcoal are co the hydrogen into the state of gas, they for to the proportions of hydrogen and charcoal in its composition The chief difference between fixed or fat oils drawn froetables by expression, and volatile or essential oils, is, that the former contains an excess of charcoal, which is separated when the oils are heated above the degree of boiling water; whereas the volatile oils, containing a just proportion of these two constituent ingredients, are not liable to be decoasseous state, pass over in distillation unchanged

In the Meave an account of my experiments upon the coen with charcoal, and of their coen By these experi combustion, and are thereby converted into water and carbonic acid By means of calculation applied to the products of these experiht, of hydrogen combined with 79 parts of charcoal Perhaps the solid substances of an oily nature, such as wax, contain a proportion of oxygen, to which they owe their state of solidity I aed in a series of experiht upon this subject