Part 15 (1/2)
1 Robert Caro's meticulously researched book Robert Caro's meticulously researched book The Power Broker The Power Broker outlines in detail both the positive and the negative views of Moses. outlines in detail both the positive and the negative views of Moses.
2 A visit to some public housing sites today reveals a very interesting social phenomenon. Residents bring their own chairs and A visit to some public housing sites today reveals a very interesting social phenomenon. Residents bring their own chairs and sit in front of the fence sit in front of the fence on the sidewalk, often at a point where green gra.s.s behind the fence could easily accommodate a bench and the fence be removed. on the sidewalk, often at a point where green gra.s.s behind the fence could easily accommodate a bench and the fence be removed.
3 Rogers started her work with the Central Park Task Force in 1975, was appointed Central Park administrator in 1980, founded the Central Park Conservancy with the a.s.sistance of parks commissioner Gordon Davis in 1980, and left as president at the end of 1995. Rogers started her work with the Central Park Task Force in 1975, was appointed Central Park administrator in 1980, founded the Central Park Conservancy with the a.s.sistance of parks commissioner Gordon Davis in 1980, and left as president at the end of 1995.
4 Betsy Barlow Rogers, ”Robert Moses and the Transformation of Central Park.” Betsy Barlow Rogers, ”Robert Moses and the Transformation of Central Park.”
5 See ”The Mess We Have Made,” chap. 2 in my book, See ”The Mess We Have Made,” chap. 2 in my book, Cities Back from the Edge Cities Back from the Edge.
6 Caro, Caro, Power Broker Power Broker, 560.
7 It was recently made into a park. It was recently made into a park.
8 Ibid., 707. Ibid., 707.
9 Joel Schwartz, Joel Schwartz, The New York Approach: Robert Moses, Urban Liberals, and Redevelopment of the Inner City The New York Approach: Robert Moses, Urban Liberals, and Redevelopment of the Inner City, 31.
10 The 1949 Housing Act was an umbrella for several programs, including FHA mortgage insurance, rural home finance, and t.i.tle III for public housing. t.i.tle I, probably the best known, created a write-down program for residential redevelopment that amounted to a onetime capital grant to which the federal government contributed two-thirds. It required prompt disposal of redevelopment tracks to private sponsors, helping Taft claim that it was written to subsidize private, middle-rent housing, as distinguished from public housing (ibid., 132). The 1949 Housing Act was an umbrella for several programs, including FHA mortgage insurance, rural home finance, and t.i.tle III for public housing. t.i.tle I, probably the best known, created a write-down program for residential redevelopment that amounted to a onetime capital grant to which the federal government contributed two-thirds. It required prompt disposal of redevelopment tracks to private sponsors, helping Taft claim that it was written to subsidize private, middle-rent housing, as distinguished from public housing (ibid., 132).
11 Joseph D. McGoldrick, former Columbia University government professor, city comptroller, and slum-clearance advocate, ”as early as 1944, had observed that slum clearance projects were not doing what was expected of them,” writing, ”Such projects have had no regenerative effect on the areas in which they are in place,” notes Peter L. Laurence (”Death and Life of Urban Design”). Joseph D. McGoldrick, former Columbia University government professor, city comptroller, and slum-clearance advocate, ”as early as 1944, had observed that slum clearance projects were not doing what was expected of them,” writing, ”Such projects have had no regenerative effect on the areas in which they are in place,” notes Peter L. Laurence (”Death and Life of Urban Design”).
12 Over twelve years New York got seventy million dollars. Chicago came in second with thirty million dollars. Over twelve years New York got seventy million dollars. Chicago came in second with thirty million dollars.
13 Schwartz, Schwartz, New York Approach New York Approach, 295-296.
14 Gay Talese, ”Anger Lingering As Bridge Goes Up,” Gay Talese, ”Anger Lingering As Bridge Goes Up,” New York Times New York Times, June 19, 1964.
15 Schwartz, Schwartz, New York Approach New York Approach, 294.
16 Policies were eventually developed to fight arson but not to fight fires when they were occurring. Policies were eventually developed to fight arson but not to fight fires when they were occurring.
17 The Wallaces quote a 1976 BBC-TV special, The Wallaces quote a 1976 BBC-TV special, The Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Is Burning, during which a fire chief notes that forty-four thousand people were covered per engine company in the South Bronx as compared to seventeen thousand on Staten Island.
18 See See The Living City The Living City, in which I deal with ”Planned Shrinkage” at length.
19 Loren Hinkle, ”Closing Summary.” Loren Hinkle, ”Closing Summary.”
20 The expressway was built between 1948 and 1963. The expressway was built between 1948 and 1963.
21 This was only one mile out of the 130 that went through the city between 1948 and 1963 and destroyed twenty-seven neighborhoods. This was only one mile out of the 130 that went through the city between 1948 and 1963 and destroyed twenty-seven neighborhoods.
22 Caro, Caro, Power Broker Power Broker, 1080.
23 Ibid., 218. Ibid., 218.
24 Eventually, Mumford was a very strong critic of Moses's highway building. Eventually, Mumford was a very strong critic of Moses's highway building.
25 Quoted in Joseph P. Cusker, ”The World of Tomorrow: Science, Culture, and Commentary at the New York World's Fair,” 4. Quoted in Joseph P. Cusker, ”The World of Tomorrow: Science, Culture, and Commentary at the New York World's Fair,” 4.
26 Walter Lippmann, ”Today and Tomorrow,” 51. Walter Lippmann, ”Today and Tomorrow,” 51.
27 Caro, Caro, Power Broker Power Broker.
28 Jason Epstein, ”Way Uptown,” 53. Jason Epstein, ”Way Uptown,” 53.
29 Caro, Caro, Power Broker Power Broker, 706.
30 Richard O. Baumbach Jr. and William E. Borah, Richard O. Baumbach Jr. and William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carre Riverfront-Expressway Controversy The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carre Riverfront-Expressway Controversy.
31 Faubourg Treme: The Untold Story of Black New Orleans Faubourg Treme: The Untold Story of Black New Orleans.
32 Bob Young, ”Highway to h.e.l.l,” Bob Young, ”Highway to h.e.l.l,” Willamette Week Willamette Week, March 9, 2005.
33 Lisa Schreibman, ”Looking for Land? Try Tearing Down a Highway,” 10. Lisa Schreibman, ”Looking for Land? Try Tearing Down a Highway,” 10.
34 Caro, Caro, Power Broker Power Broker, 940.
35 Lewis Mumford, Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City The Highway and the City, 220; Schwartz, New York Approach New York Approach , xvii. , xvii.
36 Isaacs tried to ban discrimination in housing and advocated giving neighborhoods a voice in local improvements. Isaacs tried to ban discrimination in housing and advocated giving neighborhoods a voice in local improvements.
37 Caro, Caro, Power Broker Power Broker, 15.
38 Ten subway lines and the Long Island Railroad converge here. Ten subway lines and the Long Island Railroad converge here.
39 Robert Goodman, Robert Goodman, After the Planners After the Planners, 28.
40 Jacobs, Jacobs, Death and Life Death and Life, 209.
41 This continues nationwide under the Federal Hope VI program that replaces low-income public housing units with a smaller total number of mixed-income units, resulting in an even smaller number of replacement units for the lost public housing. This continues nationwide under the Federal Hope VI program that replaces low-income public housing units with a smaller total number of mixed-income units, resulting in an even smaller number of replacement units for the lost public housing.
42 Marshall Berman, Marshall Berman, All That Is Solid Melts into Air All That Is Solid Melts into Air.
43 Mindy Thompson Fullilove, M.D., Mindy Thompson Fullilove, M.D., Root Shock: How Tearing Up City Neighborhoods Hurts America and What We Can Do About It Root Shock: How Tearing Up City Neighborhoods Hurts America and What We Can Do About It, 224.
CHAPTER 6.
1 The full name did not always fit the width of the The full name did not always fit the width of the New York Post New York Post column size, so for single-column stories it was Roberta B. Gratz. column size, so for single-column stories it was Roberta B. Gratz.