Part 95 (1/2)

[*][*] _Leaves cordate or ovate, 3-nerved, dentate and often lobed, long-petiolate; axils unarmed; fruit 2-beaked._

X. STRUMaRIUM, L. Low (1--2 high); fruit 6--8” long, glabrous or p.u.b.erulent, with usually straight beaks and rather slender spines.--A weed of barnyards, etc., sparingly nat. from Eu. (?) or Ind. (?).

1. X. Canadense, Mill. Stouter, the stem often brown-punctate; fruit about 1' long, densely p.r.i.c.kly and more or less hispid, the stout beaks usually hooked or incurved.--River-banks and waste places, common.--Var.

ECHINaTUM, Gray, usually low, with still denser and longer, conspicuously hirsute or hispid p.r.i.c.kles. Sandy sea-sh.o.r.es and on the Great Lakes.

45. TETRAGONOTHeCA, Dill.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 6--9, fertile. Involucre double; the outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, united below by their margins into a 4-angled or winged cup; the inner of small chaffy scales, as many as the ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenes.

Receptacle convex or conical, with narrow and membranaceous chaff.

Achenes very thick and obovoid, flat at the top; pappus none.--Erect perennial herbs, with opposite coa.r.s.ely toothed leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale yellow flowers, on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of tet???????, _four-angled_, and ????, _a case_, from the shape of the involucre.)

1. T. helianthodes, L. Villous and somewhat viscid, 1--2 high, simple; leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, sessile by a narrow base; involucral scales and rays about 1' long.--Sandy soil, Va. and southward. June.

46. ECLiPTA, L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays short; disk-flowers perfect, 4-toothed, all fertile. Involucral scales 10--12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate. Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff.

Achenes short, 3--4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the sides, hairy at the summit; pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown.--An annual rough herb, with slender stems and opposite leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers white; anthers brown.

(Name from ???e?p?, _to be deficient_, alluding to the absence of pappus.)

1. E. alba, Ha.s.sk. Rough with fine appressed hairs; stems proc.u.mbent, or ascending and 1--3 high; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, mostly sessile, slightly serrate; rays equalling the disk. (E.

proc.u.mbens, _Michx._)--Wet river-banks, N. J. to Ill. and southward.

Peduncles very variable. (All tropical countries.)

47. HELIoPSIS, Pers. OX-EYE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays 10 or more, fertile. Involucral scales in 2 or 3 rows, nearly equal; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical; chaff linear. Achenes smooth, thick, 4-angular, truncate; pappus none, or a mere border.--Perennial herbs, like Helianthus. Heads showy, peduncled, terminal. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of ?????, _the sun_, and ????, _appearance_, from the likeness to the Sunflower.)

1. H. lae'vis, Pers. Nearly smooth (1--4 high); leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, rather narrowly pointed, occasionally ternate; scales (as in the next) with a rigid strongly nerved base; rays linear; pappus none or of 2--4 obscure teeth.--Banks and copses, N. Y. to Ill. and southward. Aug.

2. H. scabra, Dunal. Roughish, especially the leaves, which are disposed to be less narrowly pointed, the upper sometimes entire; rays broadly oblong to linear or oblanceolate; pappus coroniform and chaffy or of 2 or 3 conspicuous teeth. (H. laevis, var. scabra, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Western N. Y. to Minn., Mo., and southward.

48. ECHINaCEA, Moench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading.

Receptacle conical; the lanceolate carinate spiny-tipped chaff longer than the disk-flowers. Achenes thick and short, 4-sided; pappus a small toothed border.--Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and terminated by a single large head; leaves chiefly alternate, 3--5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, rather persistent; disk purplish. (Name formed from ??????, _the hedgehog_, or _sea-urchin_, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.)

1. E. purpurea, Moench. _Leaves_ rough, often serrate; the lowest _ovate, 5-nerved_, veiny, long-petioled; the others _ovate-lanceolate_; involucre imbricated in 3--5 rows; stem smooth, or in one form rough-bristly, as well as the leaves.--Prairies and banks, from W. Penn.

and Va. to Iowa, and southward; occasionally adv. eastward. July.--Rays 15--20, dull purple (rarely whitish), 1--2' long or more. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular medicine under the name of _Black Sampson_.--Very variable, and probably connects with

2. E. angustiflia, DC. _Leaves_, as well as the slender simple stem, _bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, attenuate at base, 3-nerved, entire_; involucre less imbricated and heads often smaller; rays 12--15 (2' long), rose-color or red.--Plains from Ill. and Wisc., southwestward. June--Aug.

49. RUDBeCKIA, L. CONE-FLOWER.