Part 15 (2/2)

ORDER I--_Liliiflorae_

The plants of this group agree in their general structure with the adder's-tongue, which is a thoroughly typical representative of the group; but nevertheless, there isthem in the details of structure While round each year), a few, arass,” ”Spanish bayonet”) of our southern states, develop a creeping or upright woody ste in size from year to year The herbaceous forround bulbs, tubers, _eg_ _Trilliu stems, or root stocks (rhizo 83, _B_), _Medeola_ (_C_, _D_), and iris (Fig 84 _A_) One family, the yams (_Dioscoreae_), of which we have one common native species, the wild yam (_Dioscorea villosa_), have broad, netted-veined leaves and are twining plants, while another somewhat similar family (_Smilaceae_) climb by means of tendrils at the bases of the leaves Of the latter the ”cat-brier” or ”green-brier” is a familiar representative

[Illustration: FIG 83--Types of _Liliiflorae_ _A_, _Trilliuonaturound stem (rhizome) of Indian cucumber root (_Medeola_),_E_, a rush (_Juncus_), 1 _F_, a single flower, 2 _A-D_, _Liliaceae_; _E_, _Juncaceae_]

The flowers are for the most part conspicuous, and in plan like that of the adder's-tongue; but so 83, _E_), have small, inconspicuous flowers; and others, like the yams and smilaxes, have flowers of two kinds, male and female

[Illustration: FIG 84--Types of _Liliiflorae_ _A_, flower of the co (_Iris_), (_Iridaceae_) _B_, the petal-like upper part of the pistil, seen fro fruit,_D_, section of the sararay le flower, 2 _H_, a seed, showing the fine hairs attached to it, 1 _I_, plant of pickerel-weed (_Pontederia_), (_Pontederiaceae_) _J_, a single flower, 1 _K_, section of the ovary, 4]

The principal fa some of the most beautiful of all flowers All of the true lilies (_Lilium_), as well as the day lilies (_Funkia_, _Heardens, tulips, hyacinths, lily-of-the-valley, etc, belong here, as well as a nuer-lilies (_Liliu 83, _A_), Solo 83, _B_), bellwort (_Uvularia_), and others In all of these, except _Trilliuone leaves are colored alike, and the leaves parallel-veined; but in the latter the sepals are green and the leaves broad and netted-veined The fruit of the _Liliaceae_ ue, or a berry, like that of asparagus or Solo the bases of the perigone leaves adherent to the surface of the ovary, so that the latter is apparently below the flower (inferior), and lacking the inner circle of stamens, is the iris fa (_Iris versicolor_) (Fig 84, _A_, _E_), as well as by numerous cultivated species In iris the carpels are free above and colored like the petals (_B_), with the stigladiolus and crocus are the most familiar examples, besides the various species of iris; and of wild flowers the little ”blue-eyed grass” (_Sisyrinchium_)

[Illustration: FIG 85--_Enantioblastae_ _A_, inflorescence of the cole sta the hairs attached to the filament, 2 _C_, the pistil, 2]

The blue pickerel-weed (_Pontederia_) is the type of a fa 84, _I_, _K_)

The last family of the order is the _Brolobe, but represented in the southern states by several forray84, _F_, _H_) Of cultivated plants the pineapple, whose fruit consists of a fleshy mass made up of the crowded fruits and the fleshy flower stalks, is the best known

ORDER II--_Enantioblastae_

The second order of the monocotyledons, _Enantioblastae_, includes very few common plants The most fa 88), some of which are native, others exotic

Of the cultivated for-jew,” a trailing plant with zigzag ste a sheath about each joint Another common one is the spiderwort already referred to In this the leaves are long and pointed, but also sheathing at the base When the flowers are showy, as in these, the sepals and petals are different, the forreen The flowers usually open but once, and the petals shrivel up as the flower fades There are four fahest one, _Commelyneae_

ORDER III--_Spadiciflorae_

The third order of the e one, and includes the largest and the smallest plants of the whole sub-class In all of them the flowers are sh not always, the male and female flowers are separate, and often on different plants The sroup are little aquatics, scarcely visible to the naked eye, and of extremely simple structure, but nevertheless these little plants produce true flowers In marked contrast to these are the palht of thirty metres or more

The flowers in ated on a spike (spadix) which e size Good types of the order are the various aroids (_Aroideae_), of which the calla (_Richardia_) is a very fa (_Acorus_), Jack-in-the-pulpit (_Arisaee (_Sy 86, _A_) the flowers are borne only on the base of the spadix, and the plant is dicious The flowers are of the sile carpel, and the male of four stamens (_C_, _D_) While the individual flowers are destitute of a perigone, the whole inflorescence (cluster of flowers) is surrounded by a large leaf (spathe), which so to attract insects The leaves of the aroids are generally large and someti the86, _B_)

[Illustration: FIG 86--Types of _Spadiciflorae_ _A_, inflorescence of Jack-in-the-pulpit (_Arisaema_, _Aroideae_) The flowers (_fl_) are at the base of a spike (spadix), surrounded by a sheath (spathe), which has been cut away on one side in order to show the flowers,

_B_, leaf of the same plant,_C_, vertical section of a fe of four stamens, 2 _E_, two plants of a duck-weed (_Lemna_), the one at the left is in flower, 4 _F_, another common species _L_, _Trisulea_, 1

_G_, male flower of _E_, 25 _H_, optical section of the fele ovule (_ov_), 25 _I_, part of the inflorescence of the bur-reed (_Sparganiule, feitudinal section of the saeton_), 1 (_Naiadaceae_) _O_, a single flower, 2 _P_, the same, with the perianth removed, 2

_Q_, fruit of the saarded as reduced aroids are the duck-weeds (_Le plants without any differentiation of the plant body into stelobular or discoid enus (_Wolffia_) has no roots nor any trace of fibro-vascular bundles The flowers are reduced to a single stas

_E_, _G_, _H_)

The cat-tail (_Typha_) and bur-reed (_Sparganiu 86, _I_, _L_) are common representatives of the faeton_) are common examples of the faed (_Naias_), or soenus includes a nu from linear (very narrow and pointed) to broadly oval, and are everywhere coroup are the screw-pines (_Pandaneae_) and the palms (_Palmae_) These are represented in the United States by only a few species of the latter family, confined to the southern and southwestern portions The palmettoes (_Sabal_ and _Chamaerops_) are the best known

Both the palms and screw-pines are often cultivated for ornament, and as is well known, in the war the most valuable of all plants The date palm (_Phnix dactylifera_) and the cocoanut (_Cocos nucifera_) are the best known The apparently compound (”pinnate” or feather-shaped) leaves of many palms are not strictly co of an originally single leaf, but are really broad, undivided leaves, which are closely folded like a fan in the bud, and tear apart along the folds as the leaf opens