Part 7 (1/2)

Besides zoospores there are also resting spores developed Oogonia like those of _Vaucheria_ or the _Peronosporeae_ are formed usually after the formation of zoospores has ceased; but infertilized Antheridia are often wanting, and even when they are present, it is very doubtful whether fertilization takes place[5]

[5] The antheridia, when present, arise as branches just below the oogoniu tubes through its wall, but there has been no satisfactory demonstration of an actual transfer of the contents of the antheridiu 36, _G_, _H_) arise at the end of the main filaia, frolobular for cells, naked at first, but later beco spores (_H_)

CHAPTER IX

THE TRUE FUNGI (_Mycoreat i_ are embraced under this head While some of the lower forh thely froreen plants both in their habits and in their structure and reproduction It is a much-disputed point whether sexual reproduction occurs in any of thereat majority, at any rate, the reproduction is purely non-sexual

Probably to be reckoned with the _Mycomycetes_, but of doubtful affinities, are the si that are the main causes of alcoholic feri (_Saccharomycetes_)

They cause the fermentation of beer and wine, as well as the incipient fer off of bubbles of carbonic acid gas during the process

If a little coar, and kept in a waras will er time alcohol may be detected by proper tests; in short, alcoholic fer place in the solution

If a little of the fer liquid is exareat numbers of very small, oval cells, with thin cell walls and colorless contents A careful exa from 500-1000 diaranules of varying size, does not fill the cell coe vacuoles or spaces filled with colorless cell sap No nucleus is visible in the living cell, but it has been shown that a nucleus is present

If growth is active,The process is so (Fig 37, _B_) A small protuberance appears at the bud or at the side of the cell, and enlarges rapidly, assu the form of the mother cell, from which it becomes completely separated by the constriction of the base, and may fall off at once, or, as is iving rise itself to other buds, so that not infrequently groups of half a dozen or37, _B_, _C_)

[Illustration: FIG 37--_A_, single cells of yeast _B_, _C_, si, 750]

That the yeast cells are the principal agents of alcoholic fermentation may be shown in much the same way that bacteria are shown to cause ordinary decomposition Liquids from which they are excluded will remain unfermented for an indefinite time

There has been much controversy as to the systei, which has not yet been satisfactorily settled, the question being whether they are to be regarded as independent plants or only one stage in the life history of soh cultivation have lost the power of developing further

CLass I--THE sineae_)

The si, living entirely within the tissues of the higher plants Owing to this, as well as to the excessively s theeneral way, and ill content ourselves with a glance at one of the cooits spores in enormous quantities in various parts of the diseased plant, but particularly in the flowers (”tassel” and young ear)

The filaments, which resemble somewhat those of the white rusts, penetrate all parts of the plant, and as the time approaches for the formation of the spores, these branch extensively, and at the sa 38, _B_) The ends of these short branches enlarge rapidly and beco 38, _C_) is produced The outer wall is very dark-colored and provided with short spines To study the filaments and spore for kernels or other parts in the vicinity, before they are noticeably distorted by the growth of the spore-bearing filaments

[Illustration: FIG 38--_A_, ”tassel” of corn attacked by sus fro of the formation of the spores, 300 _C_, ripe spores, 300]

As the spores are forrowth is set up in the cells of the part attacked, which in consequence becorains soe as a walnut

As the spores ripen, the affected parts, which are at first white, becoh the overlying white tissues Finally thecells, appearing like masses of soot, whence the popular na _Mycoreat classes, based upon the arrangement of the spores The first of these is known as the _Ascoi), the other the _Basidiomycetes_ (mushrooms, puff-balls, etc)

CLass II--_Ascoreat nu spores in sacs (_asci_, sing

_ascus_) that are usually oblong in shape, and each containing eight spores, although the number is not always the same Besides the spores formed in these sacs (ascospores), there are other forms produced in various ways