Part 1 (1/2)

Elelas Houghton Campbell

PREFACE

The rapid advances made in the science of botany within the last few years necessitate changes in the text books in use as well as in , in his own experience as a teacher, felt the need of a book different from any now in use, the author has prepared the present volume with a hope that it may serve the purpose for which it is intended; viz, an introduction to the study of botany for use in high schools especially, but sufficiently coes

It does not pretend to be a complete treatise of the whole science, and this, it is hoped, will be sufficient apology for the absence froical topics

It was found impracticable to co like a thorough discussion of even the most important topics of _all_ the depart of the structure of any organisent study of the same, it has seemed to the author proper to emphasize this feature in the present work, which is professedly an _introduction_, only, to the science

This structural work has been supplemented by so much classification as will serve to roups, and the principles upon which the classification is based, as well as enable the student to recognize the coroups as they are met with The aim of this book is not, however, merely the identification of plants We wish here to enter a strong protest against the only too prevalent idea that the chief aim of botany is the ability to run down a plant byexhausted as soon as the nae of the plant itself is far more important than its name, however desirable itthe plants eroups, such were chosen, as far as possible, as are everywhere common Of course this was not always possible, as so_ the red and brown seaweeds, are necessarily not always readily procurable by all students, but it will be found that the great majority of the forms used, or closely related ones, are within the reach of nearly all students; and such directions are given for collecting and preserving theer cities to supply themselves with the necessary materials Such directions, too, for the iven as will uide as well as a manual of classification Indeed, it is primarily intended that the book should so serve as a help in the study of the actual specih much can be done in the study, even of the lowest plants, without h understanding of the structure of any plant a good compound microscope is indispensable, and wherever it is possible the student should be provided with such an instrue As, however, ross anatomy of all the forms described has been carefully treated for the especial benefit of such students Such portions of the text, as well as the general discussions, are printed in ordinary type, while theraphs printed in ss, with very few exceptions, which are duly credited, were drawn from nature by the author, and nearly all expressly for this work

A list of the most useful books of reference is appended, all of which have been es

The classification adopted is, with slight changes, that given in Goebel's ”Outlines of Morphology and Classification”; while, perhaps, not in all respects entirely satisfactory, it seems to represent e of the subject Certain groups, like the Diatoms and _Characeae_, are puzzles to the botanist, and at present it is iive them more than a provisional place in the systeive the student some comprehension of the real ai more than the ”analysis” of flowers, it will have fulfilled its mission

DOUGLAS H CAMPBELL

BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA, October, 1889

BOTANY

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

All matter is composed of certain constituents (about seventy are at present knohich, so far as the chemist is concerned, are indivisible, and are known as elements

Of the innueneral classes anic bodies While it is ianized ive an absolute definition, we at once recognize the peculiarities of organic or living bodies as distinguished frorow, and reproduce, these acts being the result of the action of forces resident within the organisanic bodies, on the other hand, re as they are not acted upon by external forces

All living organisanic matter, and sooner or later return these elements to the sources whence they came Thus, a plant extracts froanic compounds which are converted by the activity of the plant into a part of its own substance, becoanisoes decoain to the earth and atation has shown that living bodies contain comparatively few elements, but these are co ele bodies: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, potassium

Besides these there are several others usually present, but not apparently essential to all organisnesium, chlorine, silicon

As we exaanic bodies, an extraordinary uniforuised in the more specialized for to this any attedo things, irrespective of the distinction between plant and aniy,” but for nize the distinctions,of plants; and Zoology, of animals It is with the first of these only that we shall concern ourselves here