Part 11 (1/2)

=Ispahan=, Persia. 33N. 52E. Said to have been f. by Jews who were taken captive by Nebuchadnezzar; former capital of Persia. Tamerlane ma.s.sacred the inhabitants, 1392; besieged and plundered by Afghans, 1722; re-taken by Nadir Shah, 1729. (See Montesquieu's 'Lettres Persanes,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')

=Issus=, Asia Minor. 37N. 36E. Alexander the Great conquered Darius in a decisive battle, 333 B.C.; Septimus Severus defeated Niger, 194; Heraclius overthrew Persians, 622.

=Istalif=, Afghanistan. 35N. 69E. Destroyed by British, 1842.

=Jabbok= ('copious river'), Palestine. 32N. 36E. River on the banks of which Jacob is supposed to have wrestled with an angel. (See Doughty's 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.')

=Jaffa=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Celebrated in heathen mythology as the scene of the adventure of Perseus and Andromeda, in Scripture history as the port from which Jonas embarked and city in which Peter raised Tabitha.

Caesar yielded town to the Jews, but it returned to Rome, 6; taken by El-Malik el-Adil, Saladin's brother, 1188; ceded to Christians, 1204; restored by Frederick II., 1228; fortified by St. Louis, 1252; dismantled by Beybars, 1267; taken by Napoleon, 1799; by Mehemet Ali, 1832; by Turks, 1840. Partially destroyed by earthquake, 1838. (See Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')

=Jalalabad=, Afghanistan. 34N. 70E. F. by Akbar, 1570. Sir Robert Sale made a successful resistance against Afghans, 1842.

=Jalandhar=, Punjab. 31N. 76E. Visited by Hiuen Tsiang. Destroyed by Sikhs, 1757; taken by Ranjit Singh, 1811.

=Jamalpur=, Bengal. 25N. 86E. Chief locomotive centre of East Indian Railway, described by Kipling in 'Among the Railway Folk.'

=Jaypur=, Rajputana. 27N. 76E. F. by Sawai Jai Singh, 1728; greatest city of Rajputana. (See Kipling's 'Letters of Marque.')

=Jericho=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Ancient city frequently mentioned in biblical history, and also by Josephus and Strabo. It was destroyed by Joshua, but rebuilt in Ahab's reign. Here Christ healed blind Bartimaeus.

(See Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,'

Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')

=Jerusalem=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Ancient capital of Palestine, mentioned in Egyptian record c. 1400 B.C. Destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, 586 B.C.; Jews permitted to return by Cyrus, 536 B.C.; Jews ma.s.sacred by Antiochus IV., 168 B.C.; fortified by Judas Maccabaeus, 165 B.C.; captured by Pompey, 63 B.C.; taken and destroyed by t.i.tus, 70; new city f. by Hadrian, 71; G.o.dfrey de Bouillon reigned, 1099; pa.s.sed into hands of Ottoman Turks, 1516. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Firdausi's 'Sha Name,'

Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,'

'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')

=Jezreel= ('G.o.d sows'), Palestine. 33N. 35E. A town near which Saul fell in battle, containing the res. of Jezebel and Ahab.

=Jhansi=, Central India. 26N. 79E. F. by Bir Singh Deo. Ma.s.sacre of Europeans in the Mutiny, 1857.

=Jhelum=, Punjab. 31N. 72E. The Hydaspes of cla.s.sical literature, on the banks of which Alexander the Great defeated the Indian chief Porus.

=Jidda=, Arabia. 22N. 39E. Taken by Turks, 1840; ma.s.sacre of Christian missionaries, 1858. Contains supposed tomb of Eve. (See Doughty's 'Travels in Arabia Deserta,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Arabia.')

=Jind=, Punjab. 29N. 76E. Attacked by Gajpat Singh, 1755; Rahim Dad Khan here met his death, 1775.

=Joonir=, Bombay. 19N. 74E. F. by Malik-ut-Tujar, 1436; pillaged by Sivaji, 1657.

=Jordan=, Palestine. 32N. 36E. Chief river of Palestine, of which mention occurs frequently in biblical history. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,'

Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient.')

=Jugduluk=, Afghanistan. 35N. 70E. British troops ma.s.sacred, 1842.

=Kabbaldurga=, Madras. 12N. 77E. Chama Rajah imprisoned here in 1734, and Morari Rao by Hyder Ali.

=Kabul=, Afghanistan. 35N. 69E. Conquered by Nadir Shah, 1739; by British, 1839; ma.s.sacre of British soldiers, 1842; retaken by British, 1842; by Shere Ali, 1868; ma.s.sacre of Major Cavagnari, 1879; Lord Roberts subdued city in his campaign, 1878-80. (See Firdausi's 'Sha Name.')