Part 15 (1/2)
Mme. du Chatelet was the one great _femme savante_ of that century. In the preface to her _Traduction des Principes Mathematiques de Newton_, Voltaire wrote: ”Never was a woman so _savante_ as she, and never did a woman merit less the saying, _she is a femme savante_. She did not select her friends from those circles where there was a war of _esprit_, where a sort of tribunal was established, where they judged their century, by which, in recompense, they were severely judged.
She lived for a long time in societies which were ignorant of what she was, and she took no notice of this ignorance. The words precision, justness, and force are those which correctly describe her elegance.
She would have written as Pascal and Nicole did rather than like Mme.
de Sevigne; but this severe firmness and this tendency of her _esprit_ did not make her inaccessible to the beauties of sentiment.”
Maupertuis, the astronomer, wrote: ”What a marvel, moreover, to have been able to combine the fine qualities of her s.e.x with the sublime knowledge which we believe uniquely made for us! This enterprising phenomenon will make her memory eternally respected.”
CHAPTER IX
SALON LEADERS--(CONTINUED)
MME. NECKER, MME. D'EPINAY, MME. DE GENLIS: MINOR SALONS
It seems strange indeed that in a century in which the universal impulse was toward pleasure, and sameness of personality was visible everywhere, the types of great women showed such an absolute dissimilarity. The contrast between the natural inclinations of Mme.
Necker, the wife of the great minister of finance, and the atmosphere in which she lived, makes the study of her a most interesting one.
Born in Switzerland, the daughter of Curchod, a poor Protestant minister, ”with patriarchal morals, solid education, and strong good sense,” this moral and stern woman was thrown into the midst of depraved elegance, refined licentiousness, and physical debauchery.
Sincere, chaste, enthusiastic, and essentially religious, she remained so amidst all the corruption and physical and mental degeneracy of the age.
Critics have made much ado over her marriage, a union of pure love and mutual inclinations, amidst the marriages of mere convenience and the gallant liaisons, such as those of Mme. du Deffand and _le President_ Henault, and Mme. d'Epinay and Grimm. The matrimonial selection of Susanne Curchod was natural in a girl of her serious make-up, her moral education and her pure ancestry of the strict Protestant type.
As a girl of sixteen, she had given evidence of remarkable mental ability and had acquired a wide knowledge--physics, Latin, philosophy, metaphysics--when she was sent to Lausanne, possibly with the idea of meeting a future husband with whom she could become thoroughly acquainted before giving up her independence. There she became the centre of a group or academy of young people, who, under her leaders.h.i.+p, discussed subjects of every nature. At first she showed a tendency toward _preciosite_ and the spirit of the blue-stocking rather than toward the seriousness and dignity which marked her later career.
It was at Lausanne that she met and fell in love with Gibbon, the English historian; this love affair met with opposition from Gibbon's father, and, after the death of the father of his fiancee, a calamity which left her poor and necessitated her teaching for a living, the Englishman, by his actions and manner toward her, compelled the breaking of their engagement. When, later in life, he went to her salon, they became intimate friends, enjoying ”the intellectual union which had been impossible for them in their earlier days.”
Thus, at the age of twenty-four, Mlle. Curchod, beautiful, virtuous, and accomplished, and at the height of her reputation in a small town in Switzerland, was left an orphan. She was taken to Paris by Mme. de Vermenoux, a wealthy widow, who was sought in marriage by M. Necker, banker and capitalist; but, as she was unable to make up her mind to a definite answer, his attention was attracted to her young companion.
The result was that, after a few months' sojourn in Paris, Mlle.
Curchod became the wife of M. Necker, an event which caused rejoicing from Lausanne to Geneva. Their characters are well portrayed in two letters, written by them to their friends after their marriage. M.
Necker wrote, in reply to a letter of congratulation:
”Yes, sir; your friend (Mlle. Curchod) was indeed willing to have me, and I believe myself as happy as one can be. I cannot understand how it can be you whom they congratulate, unless it is as my friend. Will money always be the measure of opinion? That is pitiable! He who wins a virtuous, kind, and sensible woman--has he not made a good transaction, whether or not she be seated on sacks of money? Humanity, what a poor judge you are!”
Shortly after her marriage, Mme. Necker wrote to one of her friends: ”My dear, I have married a man who, according to my ideas, is the kindest of mortals, and I am not the only one to judge thus. I had had a liking for him ever since I learned to know him. At present, I see, in all nature, only my husband. I take notice of other men only in so far as they come more or less up to the standard of my husband, and I compare them only for the pleasure of seeing the difference.” The marital relations of this loving pair lasted throughout life; and among great women of the eighteenth century, Mme. Necker is one of the few examples of ideal marriage relations.
Soon after their marriage, the Neckers took up their quarters at the Rue Michel-le-Comte, where they began to receive friends. As at that time every day in the week was reserved by other salons,--Monday and Wednesday at Mme. Geoffrin's, Tuesday at Helvetius's, Thursday and Sunday at the Baron d'Holbach's,--Mme. Necker was compelled to appoint Friday as her reception day. She soon succeeded in attracting to her hotel the best _esprit_ of Paris: Diderot, Suard, Grimm, Comte de Schomberg, Marmontel, D'Alembert, Thomas, Saint-Lambert, Helvetius, Ducis, Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, the Abbes Raynal, Armand, and Morellet, Mme. Geoffrin, Mme. du Deffand, Mme. de Marchais, Mme.
Suard, the Marechale de Luxembourg, the d.u.c.h.esse de Lauzun, the Marquise de La Ferte-Imbault, Mme. de Boufflers.
Among these visitors, most of whom were atheists, Mme. Necker preserved her own religious opinions and piety, although her friends at Geneva never ceased to be concerned about her. Her admirers were many, but they were kept within the bounds of propriety and never attempted any gallant liberties with the hostess--except her ardent admirer Thomas, the intensity of whose eulogies upon her she was forced to check occasionally. It was not long before she became very influential in filling the vacant seats of the Academy. In this and many other respects, her salon may be compared with that of Mme. de Lambert.
Mme. Necker's idea of conducting a salon and its conversation was much the same as the management of a state; she believed that the hostess must never join in the conversation as long as it goes on by itself, but, ever watchful, must never permit disturbances, disagreements, improprieties, or obstacles; she must animate it if it languish; she must see that conversation never takes a dangerous, disagreeable, or tiresome turn, and that it never brings into undue prominence one man especially, as this makes others jealous and displeases the entire society; it must always interest and include all members. The discussions at Mme. Necker's were literary and philosophical; and to prevent even the possibility of tedium, frequent readings were given in their place.
It was at the salon of Mme. Necker that Bernardin de Saint-Pierre first read his _Paul et Virginie_, which received such a cold and indifferent welcome that the author, utterly discouraged, was on the point of burning his ma.n.u.script, when he was prevailed upon by his friend Vernet, the great artist, to preserve all his works. Mme.
Necker was always quite frank and outspoken, often showing a cutting harshness and a rigor which, as was said, was little in harmony with her bare neck and arms--a style then in vogue at court. She never judged persons by their reputations, but by their _esprit_; thus, it was possible for her to receive people of the most diverse tendencies.
When the Marquise de La Ferte-Imbault, one of the few virtuous women of the time, and of the highest aristocracy, was invited to attend the salon of Mme. Necker and was told that the Marechale de Luxembourg, Mme. du Deffand, Mme. de Boufflers, and Mme. Marchais were frequenters, she said: ”These four women are so discredited by manners, and the first two are so dangerous, that for thirty years they have been the horror of society.”
The two portraits by Marmontel and Galiani are interesting, as throwing light upon the doings of her salon. Marmontel wrote: ”Mme.
Necker is very virtuous and instructed, but emphatic and stiff. She does not know Mme. de Sevigne, whom she praises, and only esteems Buffon and Thomas. She calculates all things; she sought men of letters only as trumpets to blow in honor of her husband. He never said a word; that was not very recreating.”