Part 20 (1/2)

7 Mother says I--invite the girls to tea

8 A ht ---- afford to await the judgment of posterity

9 ---- I write at your desk?

10 You ---- come to see me whenever you ---- find time

11 They asked whether they ---- have a holiday

12 They ondering whether they ---- be recognized in their disguises

13 ---- I have the use of your sled?

14 ---- I trouble you to get rao” is: ”I _shall_ or _will_ go,” ”You _shall_ or _will_ go,” ”He _shall_ or _will_ go,” etc The fact seems to be that there is only one foriven as an alternative, expresses so more than futurity, and is somewhat like a distinct mode

A help to the proper use of _shall_ and _will_ is found in the originalof the words At first _shall_ and _will_ were notional verbs,[74]

_shall_”to wish:”

as, ”That faith I _shall_ (owe) to God”[75] At present _shall_ and _will_ often retain so a reference to the will of the subject, and _shall_ iation or compulsion: as, ”I _will_ follow hiht to justice;” soinal lad”

[73] ”Foundations,” pp 83-88

[74] By ”notional verb” is meant a verb that has some distinct idea or notion of its own: as, ”I _have_ a ball” Here ”have” expresses the idea of possession In the sentence ”I _have_ lost my ball,” the word ”have”

does not express a distinct idea; it only helps to form a tense of the verb ”lose”: that is, it is not notional, but auxiliary

[75] Chaucer

For practical purposes the distinction between _shall_ and _will_ may be exhibited as follows:--

I IN INDEPENDENT SENTENCES

_Si that the matter is within the control of the speaker

I (we) _shall_ I (ill_ you _will_[76] } go you _shall_ } go

he (they) _will_/ he (they) _shall_[77]/

[76] Sometimes used in a courteous command to a subordinate officer

[77] Also used in speaking of what is destined to take place, or of what is willed by so power

II IN DEPENDENT SENTENCES

In noun clauses introduced by ”that,” expressed or understood, if the noun clause and the principal clause have _different subjects,_ the distinction between _shall_ and _will_ is the same as in independent sentences: as,

My sister says (that) Dorothy _will_ be glad to go with us (Futurity; the sao with us”)

My sister says (that) Dorothy _shall_ not be left behind (Volition; the same as, ”Dorothy _shall_ not be left behind”)

In all other dependent clauses, _shall_ is in all persons the proper auxiliary to express simple futurity; _will_ in all persons implies an exercise of will on the part of the subject of the clause: as,

Dorothy says (that) she _shall_ (futurity) be able to go with us

She says (that) she _will_ (volition) meet us at the corner

If Bessie _will_ come (volition), ill try to make her visit pleasant

When He _shall_ appear (futurity) we shall be like Him

REMARK--It is worthy of notice that in noun clauses introduced by ”that”--clauses which are really indirect quotations--the saenerally used that would be used were the quotation in the direct foro with you,'” ”My sister says that Dorothy _will_ be glad to go with us;” ”Dorothy says, 'I _shall_ be glad to go with you,'” ”Dorothy says that she _shall_ be glad to go with us” This ree, for it is not true of such sentences as 21, p 76, and 8, 22, p 77

III IN QUESTIONS