Part 19 (2/2)

ZIYAYE, TARCISIUS GERVAZIO (1949 ). Archbishop of Blantyre and senior prelate of the Catholic Church in Malawi, Ziyaye was born at Khombe village, Mchinji district, on 19 May 1949, went to Kachebere Seminary, was ordained in 1977, and served as a priest in central Malawi before being appointed as auxiliary bishop of Dedza in 1991. Two years later, he was appointed coadjutor bishop of Lilongwe, and on 11 November 1994, he succeeded Bishop Mathias Chimole as bishop of Lilongwe diocese. Upon the retirement of Archbishop James Chiona on 23 January 2001, he became the head of the metropolitan archdiocese of Blantyre, and during his tenure the profile of the church in civic society has increased.

From 2002 to 2004, the Catholic Church, like the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian (CCAP) and other organizations, opposed President Bakili Muluzi's attempt to change the Const.i.tution to allow him to contest for a third term. In 2010, Archbishop Ziyaye met Catholic members of the National a.s.sembly to remind them that their loyalty to their faith must precede all other considerations as they deliberate issues and make laws. In the same year, the Church took a strong stand against h.o.m.os.e.xuality, especially when it became public knowledge that a gay couple, Steven Monjeza and Tiwonge Chimbalanga, planned to marry. Also in 2010, the Church was one of the many other denominations and organizations in the country that spoke against the government's plans to make changes to the national flag.

ZOMBA. Capital of Malawi from 1891 to 1975, Zomba is also the name of the district of which Zomba is the headquarters. Zomba town (about 55,000 people) is 42 miles north of Blantyre and is located on the slopes of the mountain of the same name that forms part of the s.h.i.+re Highlands. This very fertile region was originally inhabited by the Mang'anja but, in the period 186075, it was conquered by the Yao, who proceeded to rule it under chiefs Mlumbe, Malemia, k.u.mtumanji, and Chikowi. When the first Blantyre Mission party of Henry Henderson and Tom Bokwito stopped in Zomba, very near the spot of the future capital, their host was Kalimbuka, a junior of Malemia. Within three years, Zomba became the first major substation of the Blantyre Mission, Kalimbuka and Malemia having granted permission for their presence in the area. John Buchanan, one of the mission's agriculturalists, was posted to Zomba, and upon his dismissal in 1880, he remained there and began to grow coffee and sugarcane along the Mlungusi and Kalimbuka streams, which flow into Lake Chilwa.

From 1885 to 1891, Buchanan acted as British vice consul, and when Captain A. G. S. Hawes became consul in 1885, he chose Zomba as the site of the colonial administrative center, partly because Buchanan was already there, partly because neither he nor Buchanan had particularly warm relations with the European community in Blantyre, and partly because it placed him in a good position to keep an eye on the slave trade routes in the area immediately south of Lake Malawi. Soon the Residency, as the official accommodation of the consul was called, was built on the banks of the Mlungusi, just upstream from the mission station. Now called the Government Hostel, the Residency lost its position in 1904 when the Government House was built. In 1964, the name of the Government House changed to the State House, becoming one of the numerous official residences of President Hastings Banda.

Zomba remained the seat of government for Malawi until 1975 when Lilongwe became the national capital. Parliament continued to meet in Zomba until after the 1994 general elections when it changed its venue to Lilongwe.

Since 1973, Zomba has been known as the university town, home to Chancellor College and the central administrative offices of the University of Malawi. The Malawi National Examination Board is also located there, as is the Forestry Research Inst.i.tute and the National Archives of Malawi.

ZULU GAMA. After the death of the Ngoni leader, Zw.a.n.gendaba, one of his councillors (nduna), Zulu Gama, led a splinter group to the Songeya region of southern Tanzania where they were later to clash with the Maseko Ngoni.

ZUZA, JOSEPH MUKASA (1955 ). First Malawian bishop of the diocese of Mzuzu, and vice chairman of the influential Episcopal Conference of Malawi, Joseph Zuza was born on 2 October 1955, at Malembo in northern Malawi, and educated at St. Patrick's Minor Seminary in Rumphi district and at Kachebere Major Seminary. He was ordained as a priest on 25 July 1982, served in several parishes, and, on 6 May 1995, succeeded Bishop Jean-Louis Jobidon, a Canadian, who had a few years earlier retired for health reasons.

Zw.a.n.gENDABA (c. 1785c. 1848). Leader of one of the most remarkable migrations in modern history and founder of numerous Ngoni states north of the Zambezi, Zw.a.n.gendaba was a son of Hlatshwayo, a famous general of the House of Elangeni. Zw.a.n.gendaba, head of the semiautonomous Ncw.a.n.geni Jele who lived in the vicinity of St. Lucia in northern Kwazulu Natal, became an important nduna (headman, councillor) and general of Zwide, the leader of the Ndwandwe Confederacy. After Zwide lost to Shaka, the Zulu chief, at the Battle of Mhlathuse in 1818, Zw.a.n.gendaba and his followers fled the wrath of Shaka and embarked on a 2,000-mile trek that would last 30 years, conquering, raiding, and a.s.similating various ethnic groups whom they encountered. The party first headed to the Delagoa Bay area of Mozambique, then turned northwestward into modern Zimbabwe where they destroyed the weakening Rozwi state. In 1835, they crossed the Zambezi near Zumbo into the Luangwa Valley toward the Senga country, entering modern south Mzimba where, at Mawiri, Mhlahlo M'mbelwa Jere was born around 1840. At this point, the party went northward toward Ufipa in modern Tanzania where, according to Ngoni traditions, scouts had established the existence of a very good stock of red cattle. However, Zw.a.n.gendaba died just short of his destination.

Following his death, a major succession dispute took place, with all his prospective heirs being minors. Ntabeni, Zw.a.n.gendaba's brother and advisor, a.s.sumed the regency of the Jere family, but soon after he also died, and his followers, including his son, NG.o.doyi, left northward toward Lake Victoria and was never heard from again. When Mgayi, the second regent, died, a more serious split occurred: Zulu Gama and his followers went eastward and settled in the Songea, the border region between the modern states of Tanzania and Mozambique; Mpezeni moved southwestward to the Bemba country and then southeast to the Luangwa Valley where he settled in the modern Chipata region; his brother, Mpherembe, who originally joined him, returned to the main group, which, led by the third regent nduna Gwaza Jere, had reentered the northern Malawi area, where, under the new inkosi (king), M'mbelwa, they would establish a major polity covering present-day Mzimba district.

Bibliography

Introduction.

When democracy returned to Malawi in the early 1990s, restrictions on publications, enforced vigorously through the Censors.h.i.+p Act of 1968, were greatly relaxed, leading to a proliferation of literature on the country. Some of the recent publications cover new fields, others are revisionist, yet others try to explain the very period of limitations on freedom of expression.

The main depository of primary sources for Malawi history remains the National Archives in Zomba. For the colonial period, it is essential to consult the appropriate files in the Public Records Office, London, and, depending on the nature of the research project, the Church of Scotland doc.u.ments in the National Library of Scotland in Edinburgh are likely to prove useful. Other foreign mission headquarters in Europe and North America, including the Vatican Archives in Rome, also hold doc.u.ments of direct importance to Malawi. The Rhodes House in Oxford and the Society of Malawi offices and library in Limbe contain a variety of sources relevant to Malawi's history. Furthermore, the Malawi Collection in the library of Chancellor College, University of Malawi, Zomba, is a major source of material on Malawi.

A number of important bibliographical collections pertaining to Malawi have been published at various times in the past 45 years. The first significant one was A Bibliography of Malawi compiled by Edward E. Brown, Carol A. Fisher, and John B. Webster (1965); four years later, John Webster and Paulos Mahome updated it, producing A Supplement to a Bibliography of Malawi. The 3,300 unannotated entries in the original publication and those in the 1969 edition are listed according to 24 subject cla.s.sifications, including agriculture, anthropology, education, Christian missions, travel, and zoology. The book reflects the extent of the literature on Malawi in the early 1960s and, although it continues to be useful to researchers today, it has been greatly superseded by more recent bibliographies. Most of the latter are specialized and, among them, are Ray Jackson, An Annotated Bibliography of Education in Malawi (1976), Stan Made et al., One Hundred Years of ChiChewa Writing 18751975: A Selected Bibliography (1976), S. Mwiyeriwa, Vernacular Literature of Malawi, 18541975 (1976), and John W. East, ”Reference Works for Malawian Studies: A Select and Annotated List,” MALA Review 3, no. 2 (1982). There is a short but pertinent bibliographical review by Augustine C. Msiska, ”Malawi's Hidden Bibliographies: A Preliminary Survey of Some Earlier Texts,” African Research and Doc.u.mentation 57 (1991): 1520.

Two bibliographical studies are highly recommended: J. Kalley et al., ”Malawi-25 Years of Independence,” Southern Africa Update 5, no. 1 (1990) is a survey with 745 items listed under 23 subject categories and is very extensive in its coverage of the literature. More valuable and, definitely, the most comprehensive of them all is Samuel Decalo (compiler), Malawi: Second Edition (1995). The book starts with a useful introduction to the history of Malawi, followed by a list of dissertations on subjects directly relevant to Malawi, and has 508 annotated and numbered entries, besides many other items, which are added to the main descriptions.

Many books and journal articles describe Malawi in the 19th century, most of them being memoirs or travel accounts of missionaries and adventurers. Among them are David Livingstone, Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambezi and Its Tributaries, 185864 (1865) and Duff Macdonald, Africana or the Heart of Heathen Africa, vols. 1 and 2 (1882). However, the first notable attempt to present an overview of the Lake Malawi region is Harry Johnston, British Central Africa (1897). Relying heavily on the author's own observations and on the works of others, the book deals with numerous topics from fauna and flora, to ethnic groups and their cultures, and the establishment of British authority in the 1880s and 1890s. A more a.n.a.lytical study of the extension of British rule to this area will be found in, among others, Roland Oliver, Sir Harry Johnston and the Scramble for Africa (1958) and A. J. Hannah, The Beginnings of Nyasaland and North-Eastern Rhodesia (1959). Both books are based primarily on missionary and official British sources and do not evaluate the African reaction to the foreign intrusion. Readers interested in Malawi, especially in the African response to colonialism, should start with George Shepperson and Thomas Price, Independent African (1958). Generally considered a cla.s.sic, the book also delves into relations between Western Christian missionaries and Africans, between the various missionary societies themselves, and between the missionaries and the colonial government. With an abundance of primary sources and, with the thoroughness of skilled writers, Shepperson and Price explore the background to the events of January and February 1915.

The 1960s marked the beginning of a new approach to writing about Malawi, one that was careful to encompa.s.s African perspectives. This necessitated the use of oral evidence and the need to revisit the hitherto ignored literature by local writers. The result was a number of theses, books, and articles, including Robert Rotberg, The Rise of Nationalism in Malawi and Zambia, 18731964 (1964) and the doctoral theses of, among others, B. S. Krishnamurthy (1964), McCracken (1967), Andrew Ross (1968), Roderick Macdonald (1969), Roger Tangri (1970), and Emily Maliwa (1970). The enthusiasm and hope for newly independent African nations tended to influence the new writing in the sense that often authors became less critical in a.s.sessing actions of Africans during the colonial period. The 1960s also witnessed the beginnings of serious academic interest in precolonial history, which, as the bibliography in John G. Pike's Malawi: A Political and Economic History (1969) shows, had hitherto been left to amateur historians. From the 1970s onward, doctoral theses, books, and articles, all with useful bibliographies, became part of the increasing literature on Malawi. Typical of them are E. A. Alpers (1975), L. Vail (1972), H. W. Langworthy (1973, 1996), K. M. Phiri (1975), M. A. Vaughan (1981, 1987 revised in 2007), O. J. M. Chipeta (1982), O. J. M. Kalinga (1985), E. C. Mandala (1991, 2005), and the numerous publications of Matthew Schoffeleers.

Bridgral Pachai (ed.), The Early History of Malawi (1972), containing the work of 24 authors and covering events from prehistoric times to the early 20th century, is another example of the emerging historiography of the 1960s. However, articles such as those by M. Channock and R. Palmer also demonstrate the more balanced approach that would be a major aspect of historical a.n.a.lysis of Malawi from the 1970s onward.

The first notable overview of the political history of Malawi is T. David Williams, Malawi: Politics of Despair (1978). With restrictions of access to the National Archives of Malawi and with limitations on researchers' ability to conduct oral interviews, the book has gaps that hopefully will be filled now that freedom of expression has returned. Other books in the general political field were published in the 1970s: Philip Short, Banda (1974), which has important sources, some of them not attributed; Carolyn McMaster, Malawi Foreign Policy and Development (1974); and Kanyama Chiume, Kwacha: An Autobiography (1975). In 1992, Guy Mhone edited Malawi at the Crossroads: The Post-Colonial Political Economy, representing the first major review of Malawi under President Hastings Banda. More recently, biographies such as those by Colin A. Baker have added more to the bibliography of the political and administrative history of the Lake Malawi area. Masauko Chipembere's autobiography, Hero of the Nation (2002), published posthumously, and Colin Baker's biography of Chipembere, Chipembere: The Missing Years (2006), have added more to the political historiography. However, the latest comprehensive examination of the Malawi's political history is Joey Power, Political Culture and Nationalism in Malawi: Building Kwacha (2010), which is based on wide-ranging archival sources and oral interviews. This followed another more recent important survey of Malawi's political history, Andrew Ross, Colonialism to Cabinet Crisis: A Political History of Malawi (2009).

Also in the 1960s and 1970s, studies reevaluating Christian missionary activities, going beyond the earlier works by Roland Oliver (1951) and George Shepperson (1958), were undertaken and, in many cases, published. They include Ian and Jane Linden, Catholics, Peasants and Chewa Resistance in Nyasaland 18891939 (1974); John McCracken, Politics and Christianity in Malawi, 18751940: The Impact of the Livingstonia Mission in the Northern Province (1977); Howard B. Bicker's PhD dissertation, ”A Missionary Strategy for Evangelism in Central Africa: An Examination of People-Movement Strategy in the Historical Cultural Context of Malawi” (1977); and C. M. Pauw's DTh thesis, ”Mission and Church in Malawi: The History of the Nkoma Synod of the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian 18891962” (1980). In the 1990s, Harvey Sindima, The Legacy of Scottish Missionaries in Malawi (1992), and Andrew Ross, Blantyre Mission and the Making of Modern Malawi (1996), were important additions. As the main part of this bibliography demonstrates, many other dissertations on Christianity were to follow in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s.

In social sciences, Mary Tew's Peoples of the Lake Nyasa Region (1950) const.i.tuted a pioneering anthropological and sociological study and was accompanied by a useful bibliography. It was followed by J. C. Mitch.e.l.l, The Yao Village (1956), Margaret Read, The Ngoni of Nyasaland (1956), and Jaap van Velsen, The Politics of Kins.h.i.+p: A Study of Social Manipulation among the Lakeside Tonga of Nyasaland (1964). Since the 1960s, further advances have been made in this general area and useful information will be found in the works of scholars such as Matthew Schoffeleers, Laurel Birch de Aguilar, Hari Englund, and Deborah Kaspin. Many social scientists have joined health specialists in a.s.sessing the effects of AIDS on Malawian societies, and there is a growing body of literature on this disease. Paul Kis.h.i.+ndo (1995), Ezekiel Kalipeni (1997), and Wiseman Chirwa (1995, 1997, 1999) would be good starting points.

In the field of economics, the following organizations regularly issue invaluable reports: the Malawi National Statistical Office, the Reserve Bank of Malawi, the various commercial banks in Malawi, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, the African Development Bank, the Southern Africa Development Community, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, and nongovernmental agencies. The Africa Research Bulletin, published in Exeter, England, on a monthly basis, is another important source on economic and political issues. Also important is T. Benson, J. Kap.h.u.ka, S. Kanyanda, and R. Chinula, ”Malawi: An Atlas of Statistics,” a publication by the National Statistical Office and the International Food Policy Research Inst.i.tute (2002), and ”Famine Early Warning System Network” (20002002). Various monthly Food Security Reports for Malawi, are now available from mercial radio stations, the Lilongwe-based Zodiak Broadcasting Station (http:/zodiak.malawi.com) and the Blantyre-based Capital Radio (), also have online sections that extensively cover news on Malawi. Lifestyle magazines include Big Issue, Timve, Malawi Waves, and Bizcommunity.com magazine. Among the prominent professional ones are MALA Bulletin, Bwalo, Nyala, WASI, WASI Writer, Tizame, Society of Malawi Journal, Malawi Journal of Social Science, Malilime: Malawi Journal of Linguistics, the Malawian Geographer, Bunda Journal of Agricultural Research, Bunda Journal of Agriculture, Environmental Science and Technololgy, Journal of Religion in Malawi, and the Malawi Medical Journal.

A more recent source of information is the Internet, and the main Internet service providers are Malawinet Limited (), Reserve Bank of Malawi (mission.org), Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation-Malawi (pa.s.s.nsf/e06e1bcbfd53d83b42256b59003217d2/fc09754503131c6c42256921002f5d5b/$FILE/Internal%20Rep%2004%20-%20CBNRM%20Directory2003.doc.

Crowther, Geoff. Africa on a Shoestring. Berkeley, Calif.: Lonely Planet Publications, 1989.

Directory of Development Organizations, Vol. 1.B/Africa. Malawi. 2008. /files/Malawi%20Directory%20of%20Development%20Organisations.pdf.

Garland, Vera, and F. Johnston. Malawi, Lake of Stars. Blantyre: Central Africana, 1993.

Howey, Linda S. A Study of Indigenous and International Non-Governmental Organizations Working in Malawi. Lilongwe: USAID, 1989.

Kandoole, B. F., and K. M. Kings. Twenty-Five Years of Independence in Malawi, 19641989. Blantyre: Dzuka Publis.h.i.+ng, 1989.

Lane, Martha S. B. Malawi. Chicago: Children's Press, 1990.

Malawi Export Promotion Council. Malawi Buyer's Guide. Blantyre: Malawi Export Promotion Council, annually.

Malawi Government, Department of Surveys. The National Atlas of Malawi. Blantyre: Department of Surveys, 1985.

Malawi Ministry of Information. Malawi: An Official Handbook. Blantyre: Ministry of Information, annually.

---. Malawi Yearbook. Blantyre: Ministry of Information, annually.

Martin, Colin. Maps and Surveys of Malawi. Cape Town: Balkeme, 1980.

Murphy, Alan, and Nana Luckham. Zambia and Malawi. Berkeley, Calif.: Lonely Planet Publications, 2010.

Murray, Stephen. A Handbook of Nyasaland. London: Crown Agents, 1922.

National Statistics Office. Malawi Statistical Yearbook. Zomba: Government Printer, annually.

O'Toole, Thomas. Malawi in Pictures. Minneapolis, Minn.: Lerner Publications, 1988.

Demographic Facts and Figures Adams, Jimi, and Jenny Trinitapoli. ”The Malawian Regional Data Collection and Selected a.n.a.lyses.” Demographic Research 21 (2009): 255288.

Anglewicz, Philip. ”The Malawian Diffusion and Ideational Change Project 200406.” Demographic Research 20 (2009): 503540.

Benson, Todd. Malawi: An Atlas of Social Statistics. Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Inst.i.tute, c2002.

Bisika, Thomas J. et al. Population and Studies in Malawi: An Annotated Bibliography 19751999. Lilongwe: Malawi Government, Ministry of Health and Population, 2000.

<script>