Part 18 (2/2)

TOZER, WILLIAM GEORGE (18291899). Successor of Bishop Charles Mackenzie, William Tozer was born at Teignmouth, England, educated at St. John's College, Oxford University, and at Wells Theological College. He was vicar of Burgh-c.u.m-Winthorpe, Lincolns.h.i.+re, when he was chosen to be the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA) bishop in the Lake Malawi area. Soon after his consecration at Westminster Abbey on 2 February 1863, he left for Africa, arriving in the Lower s.h.i.+re Valley in June of the same year. Of a different disposition from his predecessor and with less empathy with regard to the refugees and orphans he found at the Chibisa base of the mission, Tozer decided to move the mission to Mount Morambala farther south toward the Zambezis.h.i.+re confluence. In 1864, he and other UMCA missionaries left Morambala for Zanzibar, where he established a major UMCA presence, including the founding of St. Andrew's College, Kiungani, which would train hundreds of African clergy, many of whom would work in the Lake Malawi area. In 1873, Tozer resigned his bishopric because of ill health and returned to England where he died in June 1899.

TRADE. Malawi's main trading partner is Great Britain, followed by South Africa, Germany, j.a.pan, France, the United States, Zimbabwe, the Netherlands, China, Thailand, Singapore, and Vietnam. Increasingly, more trade has been conducted with the 19 member countries of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), a group of east and south-central African nations determined to promote more trade and cooperation among its members. Malawi's main exports are tobacco, tea, sugar, groundnuts (peanuts), coffee, and wood products. Other export products include rice, rubber, textiles and apparel, and cut flowers. The main imports include machinery, automobiles, fuel, equipment, consumer goods, footwear and footwear components, and medical and pharmaceutical products. The country has had a deficit in the trade balance since 1966. This trade balance is governed by world market prices and the level of production of major export crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and tea. The serious transportation difficulties increase the cost of imports when these goods must travel greater distances than is cost-effective.

Imported commodities include food, consumer goods, spare parts and tools, equipment, petroleum products, and transportation equipment. In 1996, the total value of exports was MK1,805 million (US$435 million), whereas that of imports was MK22,704 million (US$528 million). In 2009, Malawi exports were worth US$945 million, and its imports were valued at US$1,625 millon. According to the 2008 government budget statement, the trade deficit in 2007 was 14.9 percent of the gross domestic product, a major improvement on that of 2005 and 2006 of 19.6 and 17.4 percent, respectively. Although further improvements were expected in the 200912 period, the depreciation of the Malawi kwacha, among other factors, would continue to make the cost of imports particularly high. See also CURRENCY; ECONOMY.

TRANSPORTATION. The most common form of travel in Malawi is road transport, and it is also the most practical means of conveying agricultural produce and other trade items from growers and manufacturers to markets. Postindependent Malawi recognized this factor, and in the 1960s, it allocated 40 percent of development program resources for transportation, the highest priority being to integrate the three regions with reliable all-weather roads and to encourage agricultural development by improving access to rural areas.

At independence in 1964, there were only 242 miles of bituminized roads in all of Malawi, and by the 1990s, there were over 8,000 miles of roads. In the early 1970s, the 168-mile ZombaLilongwe highway was completed, and by 1982, the 534-mile lakesh.o.r.e road project from Mangochi to Karonga was also finished. Not long after this, the LilongweMzuzu road was modernized, as was the Matope road connecting Blantyre and the ZombaLilongwe road at Nsipa, just south of Ntcheu boma. Earlier, the roads from Blantyre to Chikwawa in the Lower s.h.i.+re, and from Salima to the Zambia border at Mchinji via Lilongwe, were also upgraded. To enable Malawi's access to the port of Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, the British-sponsored KarongaMbeya road was constructed and improved to all-weather standards in 1984. In 1999, the project to widen and resurface the BlantyreMulanje road through the main tea-growing area of Malawi, was completed 1999. There have been other major road improvements, and they include the widening and paving of the ZombaJaliPhalombeChitakale road and the NtchisiMponela road, and among the major ones still under construction are the ThyoloMakwasaMuonaBangula and the KarongaChitipa roads. In 2009, about 4,000 miles of roads of about a total of 10,000 miles had been paved.

At independence, the new Malawi government also recognized the importance of rail transport, especially its ability to secure cost-effective rail access to the sea. The railway was the core of the Malawi cargo transport system, and roads were used primarily as feeders to bring goods to railheads. Conceived in the 1890s, the railway was slowly extended, starting with the BlantyreNsanje (Port Herald) rail line, which the s.h.i.+re Highlands Railway Company built between 1902 and 1908. In 1913, the Central Africa Railway Company, like the s.h.i.+re Highlands Railway a.s.sociated with Eugene Sharrer, extended the line south to Chinde (Chindio). Seven years later, the Trans-Zambezi Railway Company constructed the Trans-Zambesia line linking Beira with Murraca, opposite Chindio on the banks of the Zambezi River. Until 1935, all goods and pa.s.sengers were ferried across the river. The construction of the two-and-a-half-mile-long Lower Zambezi Bridge commenced in 1931, and the first train crossed it in January 1935. The northern extension from Blantyre to Salima was also completed by the mid-1930s. The railway system acted as a development agency during the years of the Protectorate, determining crop patterns and integrating the Malawi laborers into the European settlers' economic schemes. Further extensions of the Malawi rail system did not take place until after independence.

Two years after independence the Malawi government nationalized the Malawi Railways, the organization that operated the rail system. In 1970, the government used financial aid from South Africa to add a 63-mile eastern extension, connecting Liwonde to the Mozambique border at Nayuchi and thence to the Indian Ocean port of Nacala. With a loan from the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), in 1974, Malawi began building 70 miles of new track from Salima to Lilongwe. Completed in 1978, this MalawiCanada project was officially opened in February 1979. Canada provided an additional MK29 million to link Lilongwe with Mchinji on the Zambian border.

In the early 1990s, a FrenchPortugueseCanadian consortium rehabilitated the Nacala railway, which had been adversely affected by the civil war in Mozambique. The largest rail project, however, has been the upgrading of the Beira line, the Malawi portion of which, from Nsanje to Dondo, was closed by the Resistencia Nacional Mozambicana (RENAMO) insurgents. The European Union and the World Bank have been involved in the project. Meanwhile, in 1987, a formal agreement between Malawi and the Tanzania-Zambia railway (TAZARA) opened up the northern corridor, meaning that cargo can now be transported by rail from Dar-es-Salaam to Mbeya where it is transferred onto haulage trucks to Chilumba on the northern Malawi lakesh.o.r.e, then via lake transport to ChipokaSalima, and finally by rail to Lilongwe or LimbeBlantyre. In the late 1990s, a third of Malawi's external trade was transported via the northern corridor route, significantly reducing dependence on the more distant South African port of Natal.

In 1999, the government privatized the Malawi Railways and a MozambiqueNorth American syndicate, the Rail Road Development Corporation, bought it and renamed it the Central East African Railway Company Limited (CEAR). In March 2000, the new owners announced that they would be investing US$26 million over 15 years, mainly on rolling stock, and on the rehabilitation and purchase of new equipment. Although its pa.s.senger service would continue, it would concentrate on transporting cargo, such as agricultural produce and fuel, to and from Nampula on the Mozambican coast or as it is generally called, the Nacala corridor line. In 20089, the Bingu wa m.u.t.h.arika government embarked on rehabilitation and modernization of the rail system, and the Nacala corridor line would be among the first to receive attention. This would be a project of three Southern Africa Development Community governments-Mozambique, Zambia, and Malawi-with the plan being to shorten the routes to the coast for the latter two countries. The project involves improving the SalimaMchinjiZambia border line.

For most of the 20th century, lake transport was part of the Malawi Railways Corporation. In 1994, the government reorganized the corporation, creating the Malawi Lake Services Ltd. (MLS), which began to manage all water transport, including the operation of the freight and pa.s.senger services on the MV Ilala II, MV Chauncy Maples, and MV Mtendere. There is a raillake interchange station at Chipoka from which there are steamer services to northern ports, including Likoma Island, Nkata Bay, Usisya, Ruarwue, Chilumba, and Mbamba Bay on the Tanzanian side of the lake. Monkey Bay is the headquarters of the Malawi Lake Services and is also the site of Lake Malawi's dry dock. In 2002, the government gave a 20-year concession to Glens Waterway Ltd. to run water transport, but six years later it canceled it, accusing the concessionaires of inefficiency, and proceeded to search for a replacement organization. In the meantime, as part of a regional project, funds had been acquired externally to dredge the s.h.i.+re River so as to create a viable waterway linking to the Zambezi and Chinde on the Indian Ocean. This would involve Zambia, which it was expected would be helped further by having an additional shortened route.

Other forms of land transport are also used in Malawi, including nationwide daily bus services from Blantyre to many parts of the country, including Karonga and Nsanje. In the mid-1990s, Stagecoach, the British firm that managed the oldest and largest bus service, sold its fleet to the Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC), primarily because the cost of repairs rose steeply and because of fierce compet.i.tion from the numerous local transport companies that had emerged throughout the country. In the mid-2000s, ADMARC liquidated parts of Stagecoach (Malawi) a.s.sets, selling part of them to a private local consortium. By the end of 2008, the road transport system in Malawi, dominated by minibuses, had been completely privatized.

Air Malawi is the parastatal inst.i.tution providing air service to Blantyre, Lilongwe, and, until recently, to Mzuzu, Karonga, and Mangochi, as well as to several regional destinations, including Lusaka (Zambia), Harare (Zimbabwe), Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania), Nairobi (Kenya), and Johannesburg (South Africa). The main airport, the Kamuzu International Airport (KIA) in Lilongwe was inaugurated in 1983 and was constructed to international standards with advanced aeronautical equipment and a capability of handling the latest aircraft. Carriers using the KIA include South African Airways and the national airlines of Kenya, Ethiopia, and Zimbabwe. For most of the 1990s and 2000s, Air Malawi operated at a loss, and in 2009, the government was trying to privatize it completely, seek an external partner in the same manner as Kenya Airways did in the early 2000s, or simply liquidate it.

TUMBUKA. Tumbuka or ciTumbuka is the dominant language in the northern region of Malawi. It is the main language of the inhabitants of Mzimba and Rumphi districts and is widely spoken in Karonga district, Chitipa south, northern Nkhata Bay, and north Kasungu. Tumbuka is also a major language in eastern Zambia, especially in Lundazi and Isoka districts.

TUNG. Tung is a bush from which oil is extracted and used in the manufacture of paint and varnish. Tung bushes were first grown in Malawi in 1927 in Thyolo and Mulanje and, by the beginning of the 1930s, it was being produced commercially, attracting some of the major planters including Ignaco Conforzi and the Naming'omba Estates of Malcolm Barrow. Its importance increased during World War II and, in the late 1940s, the Colonial Development Corporation embarked on a very ambitious tung-producing project in the Viphya Highlands in northern Malawi. Mzuzu was founded as the center of this plan and, throughout the 1950s, thousands of tung trees were planted south and north of the emerging town. Malawi became the largest tung-producing country in the British empire and commonwealth. By the late 1960s, the importance of tung to the paint manufacturing industry diminished and prices plummeted, contributing to its virtual demise.

TWEYA, HEZEKIAH MAVUVU (?1930). Of TongaNgoni origins, Hezekiah Tweya was educated in Ungoni, trained as a teacher, and after some years of service, entered theological college at the Overtoun Inst.i.tution. After a long period of probation, he, Yesaya Zerenji Mwasi, and Jonathan Chirwa were ordained on 14 May 1914, the first Africans to become church ministers in the Livingstonia synod of the Free Church of Scotland. He was posted to Ekwendeni and, in 1917, transferred to Karonga to replace Rev. Duncan R. Mackenzie who had temporarily left for war service. In 1923, he was called to Enukweni as minister, the first African pastor to have such an honor in a congregation in Ngoni-dominated country. A gifted composer, Rev. Tweya wrote hymns, some of which were included in the hymnal used in the Church of Central African Presbyterian (CCAP) and remain favorites of church goers. Tweya was also the founding president (192022) of the Mombera Native a.s.sociation.

U.

ULAMBYA. Ulambya is the country of the Lambya, the main group of which live in Chitipa district where the Mwaulambyas (rulers) have lived since the Lambya state was founded around 1600. In precolonial times, Ulambya covered part of the Songwe region of modern southern Tanzania, where it bordered with the Safwa, Nyiha of Mbozi, and Ndali. In the south, the Ulambya extended to modern Zambia, where their neighbors were the Namw.a.n.ga and Bisa. The colonial boundaries established between the British and the Germans divided the Lambya.

UNDALI. Land of the Ndali in Tanzania, whose neighbors are the Sukwa of the Misuku Hills to the south, the Nyakyusa to the east, and the Nyiha and Safwa to the west. Many inhabitants of Chitipa and Karonga districts trace their origin to Undali, and trade between Undali and the Malawi side of the Songwe River continues to flourish today.

UNGONDE. Land of the Ngonde of the Karonga lakesh.o.r.e, bordering with Unyakyusa in the north, and with the Tumbuka-speaking area of the Mwafulirwa in the south. Ungonde is one of the leading rice- and cotton-growing areas of Malawi and is also known as a cattle-raising area.

UNGONI. Country of the Ngoni, generally understood to mean the area in modern northern Malawi in which the Ngoni, the main Zw.a.n.gendaba group, settled.

UNILEVER SOUTH AND EAST AFRICA. Known in Malawi as Lever Brothers, this was the country's main producer of, among others, cooking oil, detergents, soap, and petroleum jelly. Based in Limbe, Lever Brothers was one of the dominant firms in Malawi from the 1950s to the early 1990s when Unilever combined its ZambianZimbabwean operations to form Unilever South and East Africa. From the mid-1990s the Lever Brothers Malawi virtually stopped manufacturing and acted only as a sales office, with most of the products coming from factories in Zimbabwe. By early 2009, the Malawi branch of Unilever South and East Africa was beginning to manufacture a few items at a lower level.

UNITED DEMOCRATIC FRONT (UDF). The ruling political party of Malawi between 1994 and 2004, the UDF party was formed in September 1992 by people including Brown Mpinganjira, Bakili Muluzi, and Aleke Banda, who for some time had been secretly working toward political reform in Malawi. Many in the upper echelons of the UDF, including Bakili Muluzi, Aleke Banda, Edward Bwa.n.a.li, and Chakakala Chaziya, held national leaders.h.i.+p positions in the Malawi Congress Party (MCP) and had fallen out of favor with Dr. Hastings Banda and the ruling party. In the period leading to the referendum of 1993, the UDF and the Alliance for Democracy (AFORD) cooperated, thus ensuring a resounding defeat of the MCP platform of maintenance of the status quo.

In the general elections of June 1994, Muluzi, the UDF's presidential candidate, won, and the party also obtained the majority in Parliament. The UDF formed the government, and a few months later, included AFORD members in an expanded cabinet; Chakufwa Chihana, leader of the AFORD party, was appointed as second vice president. In 1996, this arrangement between the two parties ended, and three years later, the UDF campaigned independently and was returned to power. Overwhelmingly, the party's main base is the southern region, which is Muluzi's home area and also the most populous part of Malawi. Although it has made inroads into the central and northern regions, it continues to rely heavily on the south for its support.

The economic and social policies of the UDF are not very different from those of the AFORD and the MCP. They all believe in free enterprise, but they also advocate government intervention in health, education, and social services. However, unlike the MCP and its government, Muluzi and the UDF have insisted on respect for the Const.i.tution, freedom of a.s.sociation and expression, and regard for human rights. Muluzi would win a second term in 1999 but failed to change the Const.i.tution to allow for a third term for president. His presidential successor, Bingu wa m.u.t.h.arika, contested on the party's ticket, but a few months after taking office formed his own Democratic Progressive Party. In 2009, Muluzi was still directing the policy of the UDF in his capacity as the national chairman of the organization, and there were calls for him to relinquish the position. In 2009 it was announced that he would be retiring from the chairmans.h.i.+p of the party. See also FOREIGN POLICY.

UNITED FEDERAL PARTY (UFP). See NYASALAND CONSITUTIONAL PARTY; POLITICAL PARTIES.

UNITED NATIONS (UN). Malawi has been a member of the United Nations since gaining independence in 1964 and has had representation at the amba.s.sador level at the UN headquarters in New York. Malawi also partic.i.p.ates fully in most of the UN agencies, which have an active presence in Malawi. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) spearheads many of the UN development a.s.sistance programs in the country, including partic.i.p.ating in Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS). Other UN agencies that have been prominent in the country are the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank Group (WBG), International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Labour Organization (ILO), International Telecommunications Union (ITU), and World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

The UN has also been interested in the state of human rights in Malawi and, early in 2010, it expressed concern at the situation of gay rights activists in the southern African country. While on a visit to the country in May that year, Ban Ki-moon, the UN secretary general, addressed the National a.s.sembly and discussed with President Bingu wa m.u.t.h.arika the case of Tiwonge Chimbalanga and Steven Monjeza, leading to their immediate release from prison.

UNITED PARTY (UP). Headed by Bingu wa m.u.t.h.arika, the United Party was formed in 1997 and fielded candidates in the June 1999 general elections. It failed to win seats in the National a.s.sembly, and with only 22,073 votes, its presidential candidate was defeated. It was disbanded soon afterward.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Malawi's a.s.sociation with the United States dates back to the early 20th century when John Chilembwe studied there and John Booth encouraged American Christian missions to set up operations in Malawi. Missions, such as the Seventh-Day Baptist and the Seventh-Day Adventist, would play a major role in the life of Malawians (see MALAMULO; PLAINFIELD INDUSTRIAL MISSION). Chilembwe's own Providence Industrial Mission (PIM) was greatly a.s.sisted by African Americans including Landon Cheek and Emma Delany. Malawi's first president, Dr. Hastings Banda, was educated in the United States and was much influenced by American life, especially its anticommunist att.i.tudes.

At independence, the relations between the two counties were cordial but suffered a slight setback not long after Dr. Banda ejected the Peace Corps from Malawi. The Malawi government was supportive of the American involvement in Vietnam, a policy in line with Dr. Banda's anticommunist leanings. Many Malawians have studied and continue to study at U.S. universities. Dr. Banda visited the United States in 1978 when he was honored at the University of Indiana and the Meharry Medical College, both of which he had attended in the 1930s. In many fields, America became Malawi's closest ally and a significant aid donor, at times supplanting Great Britain. Was.h.i.+ngton supported projects covering a wide range of areas: education, especially through the U.S. aid funds targeted at secondary and university scholars.h.i.+ps and teacher training programs; health; fiscal reform, particularly economic restructuring; and transportation, including the rehabilitation of the port of Dar-es-Salaam.

Although the post-Banda government maintained good relations with the United States, the close links between President Bakili Muluzi, a Muslim, and Arab countries such as Libya and Sudan, led to fears of Islamic fundamentalist influence in Malawi. Muluzi presented his foreign policy as nonaligned, but Was.h.i.+ngton remained suspicious of it. The United States and other Western donor countries were opposed to Muluzi's attempts to change the Const.i.tution to enable him to contest for a third term. During the second term of the Muluzi presidency, the United States reduced aid to Malawi because of evidence of mismanagement. It restored most of it when Bingu wa m.u.t.h.arika's government showed signs of tackling the problem.

In the 20059 period, the United States was one of the major aid donors to Malawi and a significant importer of Malawi sugar (see FOREIGN AID; TRADE).

Through direct grants to the government and to nongovernmental organizations, the U.S. government has been active in promoting democratic inst.i.tutions and good governance in post-Banda Malawi. Among other measures, it has supported local government reforms and free flow of information in the country. The United States has given a.s.sistance in other fields, including health, education, and energy. In January 2011, it was announced that through the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Compact, Malawi would receive a grant of US$350,700 million to a.s.sist in improving its electricity supply.

UNIVERSITIES' MISSION TO CENTRAL AFRICA (UMCA). The UMCA was formed by the universities of Cambridge, Oxford, and Durham, and by Trinity College Dublin, in response to Dr. David Livingstone's address at Cambridge University on 4 December 1856, in which he called upon the British to follow up his work in Africa with missions and programs aimed at promoting Christianity, commerce, and Western civilization. The first UMCA, high Anglican in nature, led by Bishop Charles Mackenzie, left England in October 1860, arriving in the s.h.i.+re Valley in May of the following year, and finally establis.h.i.+ng a station at Magomero, the site of the mission recommended by Livingstone. This first UMCA mission had problems, and after the death of Mackenzie and other missionaries, it moved to Chibisa on the Lower s.h.i.+re. In 1863, Bishop William Tozer abandoned the site, moving to Mount Morambala toward the s.h.i.+reZambezi confluence; in 1864, he moved the mission to Zanzibar from where it would later spread its activities into mainland Tanganyika and back into the Lake Malawi region in the 1880s. For a long time, its Lake Malawi region headquarters were at Likoma, but from the 1960s, Likwenu (Malosa) in Machinga district became the recognized seat of the UMCA (Anglican Church) in Malawi.

UNIVERSITY OF MALAWI. Established in 1964 following the recommendations earlier that year of the Johnston Report, the University of Malawi opened its doors to students in October 1965 (see EDUCATION). Within two years, the university had five const.i.tuent inst.i.tutions: Chancellor College, the main campus at Chichiri, Blantyre; Soche Hill College, Limbe, which had opened in 1963 as a government inst.i.tution to train secondary school teachers; the Polytechnic (1965) in Blantyre as the technology and business inst.i.tute; Bunda College of Agriculture (1967) in Lilongwe district; and the Inst.i.tute of Public Administration or IPA (Mpemba, Blantyre), which for some time had been primarily a civil service college but which now also offered University of Malawi law degrees. In 1974, the IPA and Soche Hill College were absorbed into Chancellor College, which in that year moved to its new location at Chirunga in Zomba. The central university administration offices also moved to a new home in Zomba. Two colleges were added later: in 1979, Kamuzu College of Nursing in Lilongwe and Blantyre; in 1991, the College of Medicine in Blantyre. In the mid-1990s, the university began to graduate its own medical doctors. Two new inst.i.tutions that are not directly part of the University of Malawi were established in the early 1980s: the Malawi College of Accountancy, Blantyre, and the Inst.i.tute of Education, Domasi. In 2010, there were about 6,500 students enrolled in degree, diploma, and certificate courses in the University of Malawi. In 2011, the government announced that it had changed the status of Bunda College to full university status, changing its name to Bunda University.

In April 2011, the University of Malawi Council, the main government-appointed policy-making organ, closed two colleges, Chancellor College and the Polytechnic, following two months of cla.s.s boycotts by students and faculty in defense of academic freedom. The boycotts started in February, shortly after the inspector general of police, Peter Mukhito, questioned a political scientist at Chancellor College about a lecture he had given in which he referred to the upheavals taking place in North Africa. In sympathy, the teaching staff at the Polytechnic followed suit in boycotting as did the students at both colleges. In March, President Bingu wa m.u.t.h.arika and the University Council ordered the faculty and students to return to cla.s.ses, but they ignored the order. In the following month, the University Council closed the two colleges and, in May, President Bingu wa m.u.t.h.arika appointed a commission of inquiry to recommend solutions to the problems at the university. In July, the Polytechnic reopened whereas although Chancellor College students returned to the college as instructed by President Bingu wa m.u.t.h.arika, cla.s.ses did not restart because the faculty insisted that teaching could not resume before their original complaints were addressed. On 27 August, the president ordered the college to close until further notice.

UNYAKYUSA. This is the country of the Nyakyusa and it lies north of Ungonde, across the Songwe in Tanzania. Unyakyusa, whose modern capital is Tukuyu, is one of the major coffee- and rice-producing areas of Tanzania.

UNYIHA. Land of the Nyiha, defined as areas north and south of the Songwe River where the Nyiha have always lived. In precolonial times, the area north of the Songwe was known as a cotton-growing and textile- and ivory-producing region. In colonial times, the mountainous parts of the Mbozi sector in southern Tanzania became identified with coffee production.

URBANIZATION. Although prior to the arrival of Europeans in the Lake Malawi area, centers such as Nkhotakota were built up relative to others, urbanization in the Western sense is a mainly post-19th century phenomenon. Blantyre was the first urban center to emerge because, in 1876, it became the site of the main station of the Church of Scotland mission, followed two years later as the headquarters of the African Lakes Company. As the work of both establishments expanded, they attracted Africans to the area. At the same time, as the plantation economy grew in the s.h.i.+

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