Part 13 (2/2)

As cooperation between Zomba and Lisbon grew, so too did Portuguese investment in Malawi, particularly in the banking and petroleum fields. In 1967, the Malawi government sold its shares in the Trans-Zambesia Railway and its rights to the Zambezi bridge to the Portuguese government for nearly US$3.4 million. Three years later, the Portuguese provided a US$2.5 million loan to build a highway.

The Frente de Libertacao de Mocambique (FRELIMO), the Mozambican liberation movement, was allowed to have an office in Blantyre, but it was admonished not to use Malawi as a base of operations for raids into Mozambique. However, in 1972, the Malawi army could neither stop FRELIMO units nor pursue Portuguese forces from trespa.s.sing on Malawi soil. Although relations with Lisbon were often strained, Portugal did not press Banda. When FRELIMO won the war of independence in 1974, Malawi applauded the change and supported Mozambican independence. Relations between Malawi and Mozambique became tense throughout the 1970s and for most of the 1980s because of the suspicion that Banda's government was supporting the guerrilla activities of the Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana (RENAMO). Originally supported by the former Rhodesian white regime, the RENAMO forces came to be dependent on Pretoria and former Portuguese colonialists. Aiming to overthrow the FRELIMO leaders.h.i.+p of President Samora Machel of Mozambique, the RENAMO was responsible for the closure of the railway to Beira in 1983. This line carried 60 percent of Malawi's exports and, subsequently, Malawi had to reroute its traffic through South Africa and Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Malawi drew the ire of Mozambique as well as Zambia and Zimbabwe when it refused to take a stand against RENAMO. Instead, Banda chose to walk a tightrope with Mozambique and not make his neighbor's rebel troubles his business. Even when Malawi argued that it never sanctioned or a.s.sisted RENAMO troops, it was accused of being lax and unable to properly police its borders.

The ill will that had grown out of the RENAMO guerrilla activities worsened in 1986. When President Machel died in an airplane crash in October that year, demonstrations against Malawi occurred in both Harare and Maputo. Student demonstrators, presuming South African complicity in Machel's death and noting Malawi's warm relations with South Africa, damaged Malawi property, mainly emba.s.sies, in both Mozambique and Zimbabwe. However, Malawi went on to establish a firm basis of cooperation with the new president, former Foreign Minister Joachuim Chissano. A high-powered MalawiMozambique committee was established to discuss matters of mutual interest, and Mozambique refrained from openly making allegations against Malawi, which agreed to send some of its troops into Mozambique to protect the Nacala railway.

Malawi also bore the brunt of a million Mozambique refugees resulting from the civil war. Beginning with a few thousand who filled the refugee centers, such as Mankhokwe camp in the Lower s.h.i.+re Valley, within a short time, other camps mushroomed on the Malawi side of the border. Relief measures came from many quarters, such as the Red Cross, Save the Children, Oxfam, and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and, in 1988, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) established an office in Malawi. When the conflict between FRELIMO and RENAMO ended in 1992, the process of repatriation, which was already in operation, was accelerated.

MozambiqueMalawi relations continued to normalize throughout the 1990s and the 2000s. The cessation of the civil war in Mozambique in the early 1990s greatly a.s.sisted in promoting the cordiality between the two countries, so much so that when a group of Young Pioneers hid in Mozambique following Operation Bwezani, the two governments immediately cooperated in resolving the problem. The election of a new government in Malawi in July 1994 further improved MozambiqueMalawi relations. Joint security and trade commissions under the umbrella of the MozambiqueMalawi Joint Cooperation Commission have continued to meet regularly. Presidents Joachim Chissano and Bakili Muluzi also met regularly, mainly through their active partic.i.p.ation in meetings of the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).

Their successors have continued with the same policy of friendly neighborliness, and more recently attention has turned to, among other things, sharing electricity from the Cahora Ba.s.sa hydro turbine and to improving the MalawiMozambique transport corridor. A transmission line was to connect Cahora Ba.s.sa and the Malawi grid, adding 300 megawatts to it, but, by early 2011, the project had not made significant advances. It was reported that the Malawi government was concerned with the high monthly levies that Mozambique was to charge. The delay caused some tension between the two neighboring states. On 3 October 2010, Malawi opened an inland port at Nsanje on the s.h.i.+reZambezi waterway, in the hope of improving the export and import abilities of the country. The Malawi government expected the cooperation of Mozambique authorities in facilitating boats and barges that would transport goods between Nsanje and Chinde on the Indian Ocean.

MPAKATI, ATTATI. Chiradzulu-born and Scandinavian-trained political scientist, academic and leader of the Socialist League of Malawi (LESOMA), Attati Mpakati was a.s.sa.s.sinated during a visit to Harare, Zimbabwe, in March 1983 by agents of the Malawi government. Three years earlier, a parcel bomb blew off his hands. Grey Kamuyambeni replaced him as head of LESOMA.

MPASU, SAMUEL LEMMOTH (1945 ). Leading United Democratic Front (UDF) politician and speaker of the National a.s.sembly from May 1999 to May 2004, Mpasu was born in Ntcheu district and educated at Dedza Secondary School before going to the University of Malawi, graduating with a BA in 1969. He joined government service and became a diplomat serving in Ethiopia and Germany. In the mid-1970s, he worked for the Viphya Pulpwood Scheme but, in 1975, he was arrested for publis.h.i.+ng a novel, n.o.body's Friend, which the special Branch of the police viewed as political and anti-Hastings Banda. He was taken to Mikuyu detention camp, where he stayed until released in 1977. Unemployed for a year because the government blocked many job offers, he joined Lever Brothers (see UNILEVER SOUTH AND EAST AFRICA) in Limbe in February 1978. In 1988, Lever Brothers seconded him to the Malawi Chamber of Commerce and Industry, which in 2000 changed its name to Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry (MCCI) of which he became general manager. In the latter organization, he met, among other businessmen, Harry Thompson and Bakili Muluzi, respectively chairman and vice chairman of the MCCI; he was also introduced to Patrick Mbewe, a prominent member of the chamber. All three became leaders in post-Banda Malawi.

In the early 1990s, Mpasu was among the leading advocates of political reform and a founding member of the UDF party. In 1994, he was elected to Parliament as member for Ntcheu Central, becoming government chief whip and minister of education; later he was transferred to the Ministry of Information, Broadcasting Post and Telecommunications. Despite his ministerial work, Mpasu wrote another book, Political Prisoner 3/75 of Dr Kamuzu Banda of Malawi, in which he described his experience as a political detainee. In 1999, he was returned to the National a.s.sembly as a member for Ntcheu Central, became speaker of the National a.s.sembly, and one of the main spokespersons of the UDF. He lost his Ntcheu Central seat in 2004 but for some time continued to be a leading member of his party. In 2005, Mpasu was indicted on corruption charges relating to his dealings with a Great Britainbased supplier of school stationery in 1994 when he was minister of education. In April 2008, he was convicted in the Field York International case, as it has come to be known, and was to serve a six-year prison term, but after an appeal he was released on 9 August 2010.

MPEZENI. Also known as Ntuto, Mpezeni was the eldest son of the Ngoni leader, Zw.a.n.gendaba, by his once favored wife, Soseya Nqumayo. Born in 1833 in today's Zimbabwe, Mpezeni was 15 when his father died in 1848 and, following a succession dispute, he and his brother Mpherembe parted from the main group in southern Tanganyika and moved westward toward Bemba country. Mpherembe rejoined the main group, now settled in the region west of Lake Malawi, but Mpezeni proceeded southeastward, finally settling in the Chipata area, east of the Luangwa River, in about 1866. From there he extended his authority to include most of present-day Mchinji district, where he placed his subordinate, Mlonyeni. In 1885, Mpezeni granted a mining concession to a German adventurer, Karl Wiese, who in 1896 sold it to the North Charterland Exploration Company, a division of the British South Africa Company. Mpezeni did not like the de facto extension of British rule; he resisted it and, in December 1897, his eldest son, Nsingu, rose against the increasing presence of the British in his father's territory. The British sent troops of the British Central African Rifles (later King's African Rifles) to subdue Mpezeni, his son, and supporters. After a month of fighting, Nsingu was captured, court-martialed, and shot on 5 February 1898; his father surrendered four days later, and was imprisoned at the new Fort Manning where he remained until 1900. He died that year. His successors maintained relations with their cousins, the M'mbelwa Ngoni, in northern Malawi, and attended each other's installation ceremonies.

MPHEREMBE. Area located in northwestern Mzimba district, which derives its name from Mpherembe, the Ngoni ruling family. The original Mpherembe was a son of Zw.a.n.gendaba and brother of Mpezeni. After leaving the main Ngoni party to go westward with his brother, he rejoined M'mbelwa and other children and followers of Zw.a.n.gendaba and was allocated the area south of Lake Kazuni and northwest of Mtwalo's area. This is also the Ngoni area where ciNgoni, a version of Zulu, is still the major language.

MPINGANJIRA, BROWN (1950 ). Journalist, member of the United Democratic Front's (UDF) Central Committee, member of Parliament for Mulanje, and influential cabinet minister in the postHastings Banda government, Mpinganjira was the Malawi government's deputy chief information officer until 1986 when he was arrested and imprisoned without charge at Mikuyu. He remained in detention until the momentum for political reform began to gain pace, and he became a leading ally of Bakili Muluzi. After the 1994 elections, he was appointed minister of transport, communications, and information, but in a cabinet reshuffle he was transferred to the Ministry of Education. In 1999, he was reelected to the National a.s.sembly as a member of Parliament for Mulanje Central, retained his position as national organizing secretary of the UDF, and was appointed minister of foreign affairs and international cooperation. Later, he became minister of public works but, in a cabinet reshuffle in November 2000, Mpinganjira was dropped, following a report of the Parliamentary Public Accounts Committee that detailed cases of mismanagement of finances in some government departments. He and Muluzi disagreed on party matters, and he formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), becoming its presidential candidate in the 2004 elections. With 8.7 percent of the vote, he was in fourth place to the winner, Bingu wa m.u.t.h.arika. In the 2009 presidential elections, Mpinganjira was John Tembo's running mate, but they lost to Bingu wa m.u.t.h.arika of the Democratic Progressive Party. In April 2011, Mpinganjira became the founding treasurer of Joyce Banda's People's Party.

MPINGO WA AFIPA. See MWASI, YESAYA ZERENJI.

MPONDA. This is t.i.tle of Yao chiefs who, since the early 1860s, have ruled the area around the southern tip of Lake Malawi. The first Mponda (186686), son of Msamala the founder of the lineage, gave permission to the Free Church of Scotland to establish the Livingstonia Mission station at Cape Maclear in 1875. A convert to Islam, Mponda actively engaged in the ivory and slave trade with contacts with the east coast of Africa. Mponda II had tense relations with the African Lakes Company (ALC) but, in 1889, allowed the White Fathers to set up a station near his village. He did not give them much freedom of action, and he continued with his trading activities, which the Catholic missionaries did not approve of; five years later, the missionaries left the area for Northern Rhodesia (Zambia). Mponda, like many other chiefs, resisted British rule but was finally defeated in 1896.

MPONDA, ANDREW JONATHAN. Former secretary general of the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC), Mponda was a founding member of the organization and, earlier, of the Blantyre Native a.s.sociation. In 1948, he accompanied Charles Matinga to England where, with Dr. Hastings Banda, he made representations to the British government on the conditions of Africans in Nyasaland. Within two years of their return, Mponda and Matinga lost their senior positions in the NAC because of charges of financial mismanagement and ineffective leaders.h.i.+p.

MPOSA, J. ELLERTON. Appointed to the Legislative Council (LEGCO) in 1949, Mposa and Ernest Muwamba became the first Africans to sit in that body. Active in African nationalist politics, Mposa was a founding member of the Blantyre Native a.s.sociation and of the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC). A critic of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Mposa, allying himself with the NAC, consistently spoke against its establishment.

MPUNGA, JAMES. Originally from Zomba, Mpunga was a Blantyre-based businessman, politician of the 1940s and 1950s, and a close a.s.sociate of Lali Lubani, Hartwell Solomon, Lawrence Makata, Grant Mikeka Mkandawire, Chester Katsonga, Kinross Kulunjiri, among others. Besides being part of a group of Nyasaland African Congress members who opposed totally the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and were therefore against sending representatives to the Federal Parliament in Salisbury, Mpunga was also a founding member in 1953 of the African Chamber of Commerce and Industry whose princ.i.p.al aims were to bring together African businessmen and businesswomen, and to take care of their interests, especially in view of the increasing power of European businessmen and the government.

MSAKAMBEWA. This son of Gwaza Jere accompanied Chiwere Ndhlovu to the Kongwe area not far from the Lingazi River in present-day Dowa district. There Msakambewa established political authority, becoming one of the very few northern Ngoni to become chief in a Chewa area. The Dutch Reformed Church would establish a station and a school in his jurisdiction.

MSIMBI. This was a colonial government weekly published by the Department of Information in English and ciNyanja. Besides covering news favorable to the government, the publication sought to explain policy and acted as a major propaganda vehicle for issues such as the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Many Malawians remember Msimbi for its cartoon character, Njolijo. See also CHAWINGA, DUNCAN ”GOODNEWS.”

MSISHA, MORDICAI RONNIE, SC (1950 ). One of Malawi's leading lawyers and human rights activist, Msisha was born in 1950 in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) where his Malawian parents worked. He went to primary school there prior to attending Chaminade Secondary School at Karonga, northern Malawi, and studied law at the University of Malawi. Upon graduation in 1975, he joined the Ministry of Justice as a legal aid counselor. From 1977 to 1979, he read for a master's of law degree at the University of Toronto, Canada, and on his return to Malawi worked briefly as a prosecutor, before joining the law firm Savjani and Company. Since 1990, he has been a partner in Nyirenda & Msisha legal practice. Msisha's name is closely identified with political reform in Malawi; in 199194, he was actively involved in the struggle for multiparty democracy. As a member of the Law Society of Malawi and the Public Affairs Committee (PAC), he played a major role, including campaigning outside Malawi, in the events leading to the general elections in 1994. Originally identified with the Alliance for Democracy (AFORD), he fell out of favor with Chakufwa Chihana, the party leader, and, just before the elections, withdrew from active politics and concentrated on his legal work.

MSISKA, REV. STEPHEN KAUTA (c. 19142005?). Theologian, scholar, and former princ.i.p.al of the united Church of Central Africa Presbyterian (CCAP) Theological College at Nkhoma, Kauta Msiska was born near Mhunju, Rumphi district. He completed his education at the Overtoun Inst.i.tution, Khondowe, trained as a teacher, and afterward returned to Khondowe to train for the church ministry, graduating in 1945, also the year of his ordination. He served in many parishes and was minister of the Livingstonia congregation and also moderator of the Livingstonia synod during the State of Emergency when foreign missionaries voted not to accept the government's recommendation that they be evacuated from the area. He spent the 196162 academic year at the Divinity School of the University of Edinburgh and, upon his return, was appointed tutor at the Theological College, Nkhoma, of which he would become princ.i.p.al, the first African to hold the position. However, in 1974, he offended the Malawi Congress Party (MCP) when he advised his students to dress plainly during their conduct of wors.h.i.+p, which also meant that they had to avoid wearing the MCP badge with the image of Dr. Hastings Banda's head, a permanent feature of the outfit of most party loyalists. For this, he was dismissed unceremoniously from his position, threatened with death, and banished to his village in Rumphi, marking his retirement from active church duties. A keen student of local history and customs, in 1997, Msiska published Golden b.u.t.tons: Christianity and Traditional Religion among the Tumbuka.

MSISKA, SUZGO. Leader of the Transport and General Workers Union (TGWU) in the early 1960s, Suzgo Msiska was also an active and radical member of the Malawi Congress Party (MCP). In 1962, Rumphi-born Msiska, like Chakufwa Chihana, resisted the efforts of the new MCP-dominated government to control the labor unions, resulting in his suspension from the party and the loss of his position as head of the TGWU.

MSONTHI, JOHN DUNSTAN (19221982). Teacher, politician, and former cabinet minister, John Msonthi was born in Kayoyo, Ntchisi district. Son of a priest in the Anglican church, Msonthi attended Likuni Catholic School before proceeding to Zomba Catholic Secondary School in 1945. Three years later, he wrote and pa.s.sed the Cambridge School Certificate examinations (O levels), achieving the distinction of being one of the first two Nyasalanders to sit for this type of examination. In the early 1950s, he won the government of India cultural scholars.h.i.+p, which enabled him to study at St. Xavier's College and at the University of Bombay where he was awarded BA and BEd degrees, respectively.

Msonthi returned home in 1958 and taught at his old school in Zomba. He also became active in the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC), and, in March 1959, he was detained; upon his release, he taught at St. John's Teacher's College in Lilongwe. In 1961, he was elected as a member of Parliament for Ntchisi (Visanza) and, a year later, he was appointed minister of trade and industry. In 1964, Msonthi became minister of transport and communications and in the early 1970s served as minister of education. Throughout this time, Msonthi was also Dr. Hastings Banda's interpreter at political rallies held in the Chewa/Nyanja-speaking areas of Malawi. In 1973, he fell out of favor with Banda and was banished to his home in Ntchisi. Five years later, he was rehabilitated and appointed chairman of the Grain Milling Corporation, a position he held until his death.

MSOSA, ANASTASIA. First female High Court judge and chairman of the Electoral Commission of Malawi from 1993 to 1998, Anastasia Msosa graduated from the University of Malawi and served as a magistrate in several courts before she was promoted to the High Court. In 1998, the government removed her from the Electoral Commission and replaced her with Judge James Kalaile. In 2004, Justice Msosa returned to the Election Commission as its chairman. See also WOMEN.

MSUMBA, JORDAN. Founder of the Last Church of G.o.d and His Christ, Jordan Msumba was born at Usisya, Nkhata Bay district and, by the early 1900s, had attended local Livingstonia Mission schools. Between 1907 and 1909, he was converted to Eliot Kamwana Chirwa's Watch Tower Society. In 1909, he followed Kamwana to South Africa where he also met Joseph Booth, under whom he would study while also holding regular employment. He became a Baptist but returned to the Watch Tower Society. In 1920, he was forced to return to Nyasaland, probably because of his a.s.sociation with activists such as Clements Kadalie. Back at home in Usisya he began to meddle in chiefly politics, leading to his deportation in 1924 from the Nkhata Bay district.

A year earlier, he had been excommunicated from the Watch Tower and had founded the Last Church of G.o.d and His Christ. Like the Watch Tower, his adherents were baptized, by immersion, soon after confessing their sins, making it a faster process than that of the Livingstonia Mission. Unlike Livingstonia or even the Watch Tower, polygamy was allowed in the Last Church. In August 1925, he officially inaugurated his church and went to Karonga to win more converts. There he met Iswani Ben Ngemela and Tigone Munthali, both of whom became pastors of his new church. In December that year, Msumba proceeded to Tanganyika, working in Mwanza and s.h.i.+nyanga, where he was not very successful in converting people to his denomination. In 1934, he returned to Nkhata Bay only to find that Isaac Kaunda, whom he had left to organize the Last Church in the district, had started his own church, the Messenger of the Covenant Church (Chipangano Church), taking many people with him. From that time onward, Msumba and Kaunda engaged in a war of words and compet.i.tion for adherents, resulting in a major erosion of the followers.h.i.+p of the Last Church.

MTAFU, ANDREW GEORGE, NGA. For a long time, Malawi's only neurosurgeon, Mtafu was born at Likoma and trained at a medical school in Germany. In the 1980s, he returned to Malawi and was based at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Blantyre. In February 1989, Mtafu was arrested and imprisoned without trial for making a statement disagreeing with President Hastings Banda's p.r.o.nouncements. Upon his release in 1991, he became active in reform politics, later a.s.sociating himself with the new United Democratic Front (UDF) Party. In 1994, he was elected to the National a.s.sembly as a member for Nkhata Bay East (Likoma), and was appointed minister of health. In 1999, Mtafu was reelected to Parliament and became minister of tourism, national parks, and wildlife; in November 2000, he was appointed minister of education, science, and technology. After the 2004 elections, he became leader of the UDF in the National a.s.sembly. In 2009, he lost his Likoma Islands seat to Olivia Anita Thundu of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP).

MTAWALI, BRAIN. Agriculturalist, diplomat, and politician, Brain, son of Ernest Mtawali, was educated at Livingstonia and at Zomba Catholic Secondary School before going to India where he graduated with a BSc in agriculture. On his return, he joined the civil service, where he rose to the position of princ.i.p.al secretary. Upon his retirement, Mtawali was appointed high commissioner to Canada and, in the early 1990s, became speaker of the Malawi Congress Party-dominated National a.s.sembly. By 1994, he had retired from politics and settled at Mzuzu, where he later died.

MTAWALI, ERNEST M. Member of the Executive Council from 1959 to 1961, Ernest Mtawali was born at Mlowe, Rumphi, and educated at Overtoun Inst.i.tution where he trained as a medical a.s.sistant. He worked at various health centers, establis.h.i.+ng himself as one of the most experienced, efficient, and popular clinical officers. In 1959, he was appointed to the Executive Council, in effect the cabinet of the colonial governor. African nationalists were much against his accepting the new position during the State of Emergency and at a time when most activists were under arrest; they felt betrayed, and Mtawali became a target of their anticolonial propaganda. After the 1961 elections, he went to live in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe).

MTEGHA COMMISSION. Appointed by the new United Democratic Front (UDF)led government to inquire into, and report on, the 1983 Mwanza Accident, this commission was headed by Justice Michael Harris Mtegha of the Supreme Court of Malawi. From 11 July to 14 December 1994, the commission heard evidence on camera to protect witness confidentiality, and in January the following year, it released its two-part report: The Republic of Malawi Commission of Inquiry, Mwanza Road Accident Report, Limbe, December 1994; and the Republic of Malawi Commission of Inquiry, Mwanza Road Accident: Verbatim Report of proceedings (not dated). The report established that the four politicians, David Donasiano Chiw.a.n.ga, Aaron Elliot Gadama, John Twaibu Sangala, and d.i.c.k Tennyson Matenje, were a.s.sa.s.sinated. It also traced the chain of events from their arrest at a road block on the ZombaBlantyre Road following the Easter session of Parliament in 1983, but found it difficult to identify the person or persons responsible for issuing the order for the murders. However, on the basis of the report, the government proceeded to prosecute Hastings K. Banda, Cecilia Kadzamira, and John Tembo on the grounds that, since they were the ultimate decision makers in Malawi, they must have known of the plans to kill the four politicians.

MTEKATEKA, JOSIAH (19031996). First Malawian to become a bishop in the Anglican Church, Mtekateka was born on Likoma Island where he completed his primary education before entering the St. Michael's College in 1921 to train as a teacher. He taught at Likwenu and several other schools in southern Malawi before deciding to prepare for the priesthood. In 1936, he commenced training as a deacon and, three years later, he was ordained as one. For the next two years, he worked in Tanganyika (Tanzania) and, in 1941, he returned to Likoma to study for the priesthood at St. Andrew's College. Upon graduation in 1943, he was posted to Chiuli, Tanganyika, but also worked at several other parishes in the diocese of southwest Tanganyika, including Manda, where in late the 1950s he was appointed as archdeacon. In December 1964, both the dioceses of southwest Tanganyika and of Malawi elected Mtekateka as suffragan bishop, and he chose to return to Malawi. In January the following year, he was consecrated as bishop at Likoma. When, in 1971, the diocese of Malawi was divided, the diocese of Lake Malawi with its then headquarters at Nkhotakota, and the diocese of southern Malawi centered at Likwenu, Mtekateka became head of the former. He retired in 1976.

MTEWA, MEKKI (19462000?). Academic and politician, Mekki Mtewa was born in Mangochi district. He was educated in Malawi and the United States where he obtained a PhD in political science. In the 1970s, he became one of the most reviled Malawians in exile, mainly because of his a.s.sociation with the views of Henry Chipembere. The government imprisoned his father without trial, and Mekki Mtewa's name was the subject of many songs of the League of Malawi Women. Mtewa taught in colleges in the United States, and for a time he served as the executive director of the a.s.sociation for the Advancement of Policy, Research and Development in the Third World. In the early 1990s, he was a founding member of the Alliance for Democracy (AFORD), becoming one of the party's leading theorists. However, before the elections in 1994, he fell out of favor with the leaders.h.i.+p of the party and crossed over to the United Democratic Front (UDF), whose new government appointed him as a roving amba.s.sador. In 1999, he was elected as a member of Parliament for Mangochi and was appointed deputy minister of foreign affairs and international cooperation in the UDF government. He died shortly thereafter.

MTIKA, EFFIE FUYIWE (1931?). Born in Mzimba district, Effie Mtika joined the Malawi Civil Service in 1964 as a community development officer. Two years later, she went to the United States where she trained further in community development from the University of Missouri. In June 1971, Mtika was nominated to Parliament as a member for Mzimba and, in the following year, she became parliamentary secretary in the Ministry of Community Development and Social Welfare. She left Parliament after a few years. See also WOMEN.

MTUMBUKA, MARTIN ANWELL (1957 ). Martin Mtumbuka was born on 5 August 1957, in Majimbula village in Rumphi district, and educated at local schools before going to St. Patrick's Minor Seminary in the same district, St. Anthony's Major Seminary, Kachebere, and St. Peter's Major Seminary, Zomba. He was ordained a priest of the Catholic Church on 31 July 1988, after which he served in the Mzuzu diocese. From 1993 to 1997, Father Mtumbuka studied for a master of arts degree in religious science and, in the latter year, became a student at the University of London's Inst.i.tute of Education, which in 2002 awarded him a PhD in education. When the Catholic University of Malawi started in 2004, he became its dean of academics.

On 21 July 2010, Mtumbuka was appointed as the founding bishop of the newly established diocese of Karonga, and, four months later, he was consecrated bishop at St. Mary's, Karonga. The new diocese consists of three parishes in Karonga district: St. Anne's at Vinthukutu in Chilumba, St. Mary's at Karonga boma (also the location of Bishop's Cathedral), and St. Steven's at Kaporo. The other parishes are in Chitipa district: St. Michael's at Chitipa boma and St. Matthias's in Misuku. Until its creation, the diocese of Karonga housed the Northern Deanery of Mzuzu.

MTUNTHAMA. Located west of Kasungu boma, this is the site of the first school Hastings Kamuzu Banda attended, in commemoration of which the Kamuzu Academy was built. The official residence of Hastings Banda in Lilongwe was known as Mtunthama House.

MTWALO I. See JERE, MTWALO I, INKOSI.

MTWALO II. See JERE, MUHABI AMON, MTWALD II INKOSI.

MUA. This major Catholic station is located in the eastern section of Dedza district, just below the escarpment that descends into the Rift Valley of which Lake Malawi is part. When the White Fathers missionaries returned to the Lake Malawi region in 1902, Mua became the main center from which they spread their activities to parts of the central and northern regions. Mua is also the home of a large cultural and arts center, the KuNngoni Arts and Crafts Center, established in the 1980s.

MUGARA, WAZINGWA. See SICHINGA, KALUMWENZO.

MUGHOGHO, MORTON CHIPIMPHA (19222009). This national chairman of the Alliance for Democracy (AFORD), from its inception, was born on 22 August 1922, in Nthalire, Chitipa district, and went to local schools before qualifying as a teacher at the Overtoun Inst.i.tution, Khondowe. He taught at home and then for several years in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe). Back in Malawi he became headmaster of Nthalire Primary School, and in 1956 was promoted to a.s.sistant inspector of schools. After serving in Mzimba and Karonga districts, he spent the 195960 academic year at Bristol University, England, and on his return, he became inspector of schools for Zomba district. In 1962, he became inspector of primary education for the central region but during the Cabinet Crisis of 1964, he was detained without trial. Upon his release, two and a half years later, he became headmaster of Rumphi Secondary School and then joined the inspectorate division at the Ministry of Education headquarters. He spent another brief period in detention and, after his release, became a tobacco farmer in Rumphi. In 1981, he became chairman of the Pwezi Education Foundation and headmaster of the Pwezi Secondary School in Rumphi district.

In the early 1990s, he was a founding member of AFORD and, in 1994, was elected as a member of Parliament for Chitipa South. Al

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