Part 8 (1/2)

75 ”Hospital Spread of Smallpox,” JAMA, June 16, 1894, reprinted in ibid., June 15, 1994, 1812. ”AirBorne Smallpox,” Scientific American Supplement, 1422 (Apr. 4, 1903): 2273738. London Times quoted in ibid., 22737.

76 NCBOH 190304, 16 (recalling Durham episode circa 1899). ”North Side Men Indignant,” Omaha Daily Bee, Jan. 17, 1899, 5; ”Object to the Pest House,” ibid., Jul. 11, 1899, 7. ”Fire Destroys Pest House,” ibid., Nov. 9, 1899, 12; ”Cause of Action Burned,” ibid., Nov. 14, 1899, 7. On Houston, see ”City Council Meeting,” Houston Daily Post, Nov. 21, 1899, 6. On Union County, see ”Here and There,” Hopkinsville Kentuckian, Apr. 17, 1900, 8. On Bradford, see ”Pest House Fired by Mob,” AC, Apr. 12, 1901, 3. On Turtle Creek, see ”Quaker Mob Defies Sheriff,” AC, May 14, 1900, 1.

77 ”Tried to Burn a Smallpox Hospital,” NYT, Mar. 10, 1901, 3. ”Police at Orange Hospital,” ibid., Mar. 11, 1901, 3. ”Smallpox Hospital Razed by Mob,” ibid., Mar. 12, 1901, 2. ”Hospital Ruins Set on Fire,” ibid., Mar. 13, 1901, 2.

78 ”The Outrage at Orange,” ibid., Mar. 13, 1901, 8. ”Orange's Smallpox Hospital,” ibid., Mar. 14, 1901, 3. ”Plea of an Orange Resident,” ibid., Mar. 15, 1901, 8.

79 Potts v. Breen, 167 Ill. 67, 76 (1897).

80 Jack London, War of the Cla.s.ses (New York: Macmillan Co., 1905), 27677.

81 Ibid. Jack London, The Road (New York: Macmillan, 1907, 1916), 7497, esp. 90.

82 London, The Road, 90.

SEVEN:THE ANTIVACCINATIONISTS.

1 ”The Smallpox Versus Dr. Pfeiffer,” MN, Feb. 22, 1902, 363. ”The Case of Dr. Pfeiffer,” BMSJ, 146 (1902): 20111.

2 ”Quarantine More Rigid,” BG, Nov. 26, 1901, 4. Durgin repeated his challenge at the annual meeting of the Ma.s.sachusetts boards of health; ”Smallpox Talk,” ibid., Jan. 31, 1902, 2.

3 BOSHD 1901, 4345. ”Smallpox in Roxbury,” BG, May 18, 1901, 9. ”First Death from Smallpox,” ibid., Oct. 27, 1901, 16. ”Boston's Weekly Health Report,” ibid., Nov. 3, 1901, 16. ”Ninety Percent Not Vaccinated,” ibid., Nov. 23, 1901, 11. ”Eight New Cases,” ibid., Nov. 25, 1901, 8. ”Virus Squad Out,” ibid., Nov. 18, 1901, 7. See Michael Albert et al., ”The Last Smallpox Epidemic in Boston and the Vaccination Controversy, 19011902,” NEJM, 344 (Feb. 1, 2001), 37579; and Michael Albert et al., ”Smallpox Manifestations and Survival during the Boston Epidemic of 1901 to 1903,” AIM, 137 (Dec. 17, 2002): 9931000. In a study of surviving medical files from the Southampton Street hospital, Albert et al. concluded that ”the Boston epidemic was caused by the cla.s.sic variola major form” of the smallpox virus. Ibid., 993.

4 ”Vaccination Is the Curse of Childhood,” antivaccination circular distributed during the epidemic of smallpox in Boston, 1901, Countway Library of Medicine, Harvard University, pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/5817279, accessed Jul. 8, 2009. Samuel W. Abbott, ”Legislation with Reference to Small-Pox and Vaccination,” MC, 19 (1902), 163.

5 ”Retirement of Dr. Samuel H. Durgin from the Boston Board of Health,” AJPH, 2 (May 1912): 38495; C. V. Chapin, ”Doctor Samuel H. Durgin,” ibid., 35758. ”Vaccination Is the Curse.”

6 ”Pfeiffer Yet Alive,” BG, Feb. 10, 1902, 1. ”Wonderful, But True,” advertis.e.m.e.nt, ibid., Jul. 22, 1900, 22. ”His Long Fast Broken,” ibid., Mar. 27, 1900, 6. ”Dr. Pfeiffer Protests,” ibid., Apr. 29, 1901, 8. ”Dr. Pfeiffer Has Smallpox,” ibid., Feb. 9, 1902, 1. ”In the Interest of Science, Boston Physician Fasts a Month,” SFC, Aug. 24, 1901, 6. Pfeiffer's interest in free speech made him known to the radical Emma Goldman, who nursed him in 1904, when he was stricken with pneumonia. Emma Goldman to Alexander Berkman, Jan. 18, 1904, in Emma Goldman: A Doc.u.mentary History of the American Years: Making Speech Free, 19021909, ed. Candace Falk (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008), vol. 2: 129. On Our Home Rights, see ”Exchanges,” Metaphysical Magazine, Jan. 1902, 7778. Tenth Census of the United States (1880): Schedule 1-Population: Franklin, Gloucester, New Jersey, Enumeration District No. 92.

7 ”Its Big Benefits,” BG, Dec. 20, 1901, 5. ”Dr. John H. McCollom,” NYT, Jun. 15, 13. Advertis.e.m.e.nt for Harvard University Medical Department, BMSJ, 143 (Nov. 22, 1900), 34. See, e.g., C.-E. A. Winslow, ”The Case for Vaccination,” SCI, new ser., 18 (1903): 1017.

8 ”Its Big Benefits.”

9 Pfeiffer to Durgin, quoted in ”Smallpox Versus Dr. Pfeiffer,” 363.

10 Figures from BOSHD 1901, 4445. Quote from BOSHD 1902, 36. ”Smallpox Decreasing,” BG, Dec. 27, 1901, 7.

11 William N. Macartney, Fifty Years a Country Doctor (New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1938), 245. ”Pfeiffer Yet Alive,” BG, Feb. 10, 1902, 1. ”Funeral Friday of Dr. Paul Carson,” ibid., Nov. 28, 1923, 6.

12 Commonwealth of Ma.s.sachusetts, The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1902 (Boston, 1902), 333. ”Dr. Pfeiffer Has Smallpox.”

13 ”Current Comment,” PMJ, 9 (Jan. 4, 1902), 5. Macartney, Fifty Years, 246. KBOH 189899, 98. California State Medical Journal, January 1905, quoted in FBOH 1904, 114. Dr. James Nevins Hyde, ”The Late Epidemic of Smallpox in the United States,” PSM, 59 (Oct. 1901), 565. Michael Specter, ”The Fear Factor,” New Yorker, Oct. 12, 2009, 39.

14 C. F. Nichols, Vaccination: A Blunder in Poisons, 61. ”Opposed to Vaccination,” NYT, Mar. 29, 1902, 10. The threat of gunplay was a cliche of manly antivaccinationist speech. ”I would stand in my door with a Winchester and a brace of six-shooters and forbid any such outrages upon my family, if it cost me my life. Every other free, brave man would do the same.” ”Vaccination Tyranny,” The Life (”A monthly magazine of Christian metaphysics”), November 1905, 22223.

15 Samuel W. Abbott, The Past and Present Conditions of Public Hygiene and State Medicine in the United States (Boston: Wright & Potter, 1900).

16 John Pitcairn, Vaccination (Anti-Vaccination League of Pennsylvania, 1907), 8. ”John Pitcairn,” NYT, Jul. 23, 1916, 17. Following historian Steven Hahn, I am employing ”a broad understanding of politics and the political that is relational and historical, and that encompa.s.ses collective struggles for what might be termed socially meaningful power.” A Nation Under Our Feet, 3. See James C. Scott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance.

17 ”Will Ignore Leverson,” NYT, Aug. 17, 1900, 2. ”Defies the Health Board,” ibid., Jan. 7, 1901, 2. ”To Lead Fight on Vaccination,” CT, Jan. 6, 1901, A2. For a revealing study of late nineteenth-century libertarian radicalism in America, see David M. Rabban, Free Speech in Its Forgotten Years, esp. 2376. On the transformation of governance in the Progressive Era, see Michael Willrich, City of Courts.

18 ”An Anti-Vaccination Riot in Montreal,” MR, 28 (Oct. 3, 1885), 380. Jeffrey D. Needell, ”The Revolta Contra Vacina of 1904: The Revolt Against 'Modernization' in Belle-Epoque Rio de Janeiro,” Hispanic American Historical Review, 60 (1980): 43149.

19 ”The Hon. Frederick Dougla.s.s,” Vaccination Inquirer and Health Review (London), 4 (Mar. 1883), 200. (Excerpt from an 1882 letter.) Paul Finkelman, ”Garrison's Const.i.tution: The Covenant of Death and How It Was Made, Prologue, 32 (Winter 2000), panied the Introduction of Vaccination-To What Was It Due?,” Medical Visitor, 19 (June 1903), 269. New England Eclectics quoted in Alexander Wilder, ”From 'Vaccination,' ” Health, Oct. 1901, 340. Clymer, Vaccination Brought Home to You. ”The Late Dr. T. V. Gifford,” Phrenological Journal, 116 (Nov. 1903), 164.

31 Whorton, Nature Cures, 19. Johnston, ”Introduction,” in Politics of Healing, 111.

32 Jenny Franchot, ”Spiritualism,” in A Companion to American Thought, ed. Richard Wightman Fox and James T. Kloppenberg (Cambridge, MA: Wiley, 1995), 65051. ”Smallpox in Zion City,” NYT, Aug. 12, 1904, 7. Henry Warner Bowden, ”Dowie, John Alexander,” panied the Introduction of Vaccination-To What Was it Due?,” Medical Visitor, 19 (June 1903), 25278, esp. 261, 276. See Milnes, What About Vaccination?, 1418; Charles Creighton, ”Vaccination,” Encyclopedia Britannica , 9th ed. (London, 1888); Edgar Crookshank, ”Professor Crookshank's Evidence Before the Royal Vaccination Commission,” BRMJ, 2 (1894), esp. 618.

40 Hodge, ”Decline in Smallpox,” 258, 276.

41 Pitcairn, Vaccination, 4. Wallace, ”Vaccination a Delusion,” esp. 27186. Hodge, Vaccination Superst.i.tion , 10, 2930.

42 Richard L. McCormick, ”The Discovery That Business Corrupts Politics: A Reappraisal of the Origins of Progressivism,” American Historical Review, 86 (1981): 24774. Daniel T. Rodgers, ”In Search of Progressivism,” Reviews in American History, 10 (1982), 12324.

43 Felix Oswald, Vaccination A Crime; With Comments on Other Sanitary Superst.i.tions (New York: Physical Culture Publis.h.i.+ng Company, 1901), 4, 98. Little, Crimes of the Cowpox Ring, 6. ”Cope, Porter Farquharson, Publicist, Lecturer,” in John W. Jordan, Encyclopedia of Pennsylvania Biography (New York: Lewis Historical Publis.h.i.+ng Co., 1914), vol. 2: 696701, esp. 698.

44 ”Medical Monopoly,” Metaphysical Magazine, 8 (1898), 7077 [From Boston Evening Transcript, Mar. 2, 1898]. Twain quoted in Whorton, Nature Cures, 137.

45 ”Medical Monopoly,” 70, 71, 72. ”Called Trust Legislation,” BG, Mar. 3, 1898, 7.

46 ”Medical Monopoly,” 74, 73, 75. ”Against a Medical Trust,” BG, Mar. 8, 1898, 6. William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1902). Idem, Pragmatism (Cambridge, MA, 1975). For a concise introduction to James's thought, see James T. Kloppenberg, ”James, William,” in A Companion to American Thought, ed. Richard Wightman Fox and James T. Kloppenberg, 34649.

47 ”Dr. Pfeiffer Protests,” BG, Apr. 29, 1901, 8. Commonwealth of Ma.s.sachusetts, Revised Laws, 1901,1, Ch. 76, Sec. 9.