Part 1 (2/2)
Nos 1 and 6 are those which are printed in the Archaiology of Wales, vol.
i. All words that differ in form or meaning, though not in orthography, from those of No. 7, are duly arranged at the foot of the page {0l}, from which it will be seen that 1, 2, 3, 5, generally agree one with the other, whilst 4 and 6 also for the most part go together.
It is to be observed, moreover, that though we have taken No. 7 as our text, we have not servilely confined ourself to it, but that wherever any of the other versions have been considered preferable, we have unhesitatingly adopted them. The different meanings, however, are generally inserted in the notes.
INTRODUCTION
The country situate between the Humber and the Clyde in North Britain was, for the most part, originally occupied by the Cymry, who here, as well as in the west, displayed no mean valour in opposition to the Roman arms. The latter certainly prevailed; nevertheless it is to be noticed that they did not finally destroy, nor indeed to any material extent alter the national features of Prydyn. This is evident from the manner in which the conquerors thought fit to incorporate into their own geographical vocabulary many of the local names, which they found already in use; and above all from the purely ancestral character which the native chieftains exhibited on emerging from the Roman ruins in the fifth century. Indeed to permit the defeated princes, under certain restrictions, to enjoy their former rights and jurisdictions, was perfectly in accordance with the usual policy of the Romans, as we may learn from the testimony of Tacitus, who remarks, in reference to the British king Cogidunus, that they granted to him certain states according to ancient custom, and the reason a.s.signed is that they might have even kings as instruments of slavery. {1a} The homage of the subjugated provinces seems to have consisted princ.i.p.ally in the payment of a tribute of money, and the furnis.h.i.+ng of soldiers for foreign service.
Such, no doubt, was the position of Cunedda Wledig, who ”began to reign about A.D. 328, and died in 389”; {1b} and who, according to the Historia Britonum attributed to Nennius, ”venerat de parte sinistrali, id est, de regione quae vocatur Manau Guotodin,” {1c} the heights of G.o.dodin, and the same apparently with the territory of the Ottadeni.
In the Myvyrian Archaiology, v. 1, p. 71, is printed an Elegy on Cunedda, the work of one who had actually partaken of his royal munificence, who had received from him ”milch cows, horses, wine, oil, and a host of slaves.” The writer with respect to the martial prowess of his patron, observes,
”Trembling with fear of Cunedda, Will be Caer Weir and Caer Liwelydd.”
And again,
”A hundred times ere his s.h.i.+eld was shattered in battle, Bryneich obeyed his commands in the conflict.”
The modern names of the localities, mentioned in these extracts, are respectively Warwick, Carlisle {2a} and Bernicia. The two latter are in the immediate vicinity of the Ottadeni; the former, being further removed, would indicate the direction and extent of his arms.
From other sources we learn that Cunedda was the son of Edeyrn ab Padarn Peisrudd, by Gwawl, daughter of Coel G.o.debog, and that he was ent.i.tled, in right of his mother, to certain territories in Wales. When these were invaded by the Gwyddyl, his sons, twelve in number, left their northern home for the purpose of recovering the same, in which they were successful, though the enemy was not finally extirpated until the battle at Cerrig y Gwyddyl, in the succeeding generation. It is a.s.serted by some that Cunedda accompanied his sons in this expedition, and that it was undertaken as much through inability to retain possession of their more immediate dominions, as from the desire of acquiring or regaining other lands. However, though the sons settled in Wales and on its borders, it is more accordant with the drift of the Poem, already cited, to suppose that Cunedda himself died in the North. Nevertheless, it is undoubted that the native chieftains began to suffer in that part of the island from barbarian incursions even before the departure of the Romans.
Thus Ammia.n.u.s Marcellinus, with reference to the year 364, bears testimony, that ”the Picts and Saxons and Scots and Attacots hara.s.sed the Britons with continual oppressions.” {2b}
The final abandonment of the island by the Romans occurred, according to Zosimus, about A.D. 408 or 409, at which time the native princes arose to the full enjoyment of feudal dignity and power. In the North, among others, we find Pabo Post Prydain, a descendant of Coel G.o.debog in the 4th degree, and Cynvarch Oer, a member of another branch of the same family; both of whom, however, were compelled by the inroads of the predatory hordes, to leave their territories and seek refuge in Wales, though it would appear that Urien, son of the latter, succeeded subsequently in recovering his paternal dominion.
The struggle continued, and the enemies had gradually extended themselves along the coasts, when in 547 they received an important reinforcement by the arrival of Ida with forty s.h.i.+ps. G.o.dodin, Deivyr, and Bryneich, being situated on the eastern sh.o.r.e, would be especially exposed to the ravages of these marauders. Indeed it does not appear that G.o.dodin ever recovered its pristine independence after the death of Cunedda, at least we do not hear that any of his sons subsequently a.s.serted their claims to it, or had anything to do with the administration of its government: they all seem to have ended their days in their western dominions. Deivyr and Bryneich, however, were more fortunate, for we find that they were ruled as late as the 6th century by British monarchs, among whom are named Gall, Diffedell, and Disgyrnin, the sons of Disgyvyndawd; {3a} though there is reason to believe that at that time they were in treacherous alliance with the Saxons. A Triad positively affirms, that ”there were none of the Lloegrwys who did not coalesce with the Saxons, save such as were found in Cornwall, and in the Commot of Carn.o.ban in Deivyr and Bryneich.” {3b} And it is a remarkable fact, as corroborative of this statement, that the Cymry ever after, as may be seen in the works of the Bards, applied the term Bryneich to such of their kindred as joined with the enemies of their country.
Certain it is, that, at the period of our Poem, the people of the three provinces in question were open enemies of the Cymry, as appears from stanzas iii, v, and ix. When we see there how the Bard commends one hero for not yielding to the army of G.o.dodin, and celebrates the praise of another who committed an immense slaughter amongst the men of Deivyr and Bryneich, and threatens, in the case of a third party, that if they were suspected of leaning to the Bernician interest, he would himself raise his hand against them, we can come to no other conclusion than that those countries were arrayed against the Cymry when the battle of Cattraeth took place.
Ida had to encounter a powerful opponent in the person of Urien, king of Rheged, a district in or near which Cattraeth lay, as we infer from two poems of Taliesin. Thus, one ent.i.tled ”Gwaith Gwenystrad,” commences with the words,
”Extol the men of Cattraeth, who, with the dawn, Went with their victorious leader Urien, a renowned elder.” {3c}
In the other, called ”Yspail Taliesin,” Urien is styled ”Glyw Cattraeth,”
the ruler of Cattraeth. {4a} At the same time he is generally spoken of under the t.i.tle of Rheged's chief.
The leader of the hostile forces in the battle of Gwenystrad is not named, but in the battle of Argoed Llwyvein we find him to be Flamddwyn or the Torch bearer, a name by which the Britons delighted to designate the formidable Ida. Flamddwyn's army on this occasion consisted of four legions, which reached from Argoed to Arvynydd, and against them were arrayed the men of G.o.ddeu and Rheged, under the command of Ceneu ab Coel, and Owain, and ”Urien the prince.”
Argoed, bordering on Deivyr and Bryneich, was ruled by Llywarch Hen, who after his abdication and flight into Powys, pathetically records the loyal attachment of his former subjects,-
”The men of Argoed have ever supported me.” {4b}
The Historia Britonum enumerates three other kings, who with Urien fought against the Saxons in the North, viz., Rhydderch, Gwallawg, and Morgant, though the latter, under the impulse of envy, procured the a.s.sa.s.sination of Urien, in the Isle of Lindisfarne.
After the Saxons had finally established themselves on the eastern coast, in the forementioned countries, an immense rampart, extending nearly from the Solway to the Frith of Forth, was erected, either with the view of checking their further progress westward, or else by mutual consent of the two nations, as a mere line of demarcation between their respective dominions. This wall cannot have an earlier date, for it runs through the middle of the country originally occupied by the Gadeni, and could not of course have been constructed as a boundary by them; nor can it be referred to a more recent period, as there could be no reason for forming such a fence after the Saxons had intruded upon the whole country which it divides. This was the famous CATRAIL, which we presume to be identical with CATTRAETH, where the disastrous battle of that name, as sung by Aneurin, was fought.
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