Part 59 (1/2)

901; Steinthal, ZDMG. xi. 396; Grill, _ib_. xxvii. 425; Stein, IA.

xvii. 89. Leo's view in regard to German-Indian unity (reviewed, ZDMG.

viii. 389) is worth citing as a curioslty.[63] Brunnhofer's works have been cited above, p. 15. On the Beziehungen der Indier zum Westen a valuable article has lately been written by Franke (ZDMG. xlvii. 595).

Weber, Ueber d. P[=a]ras[=i]prakaca d. K[r.][s.][n.]ad[=a]sa, as well as in his R[=a]jas[=u]ya, V[=a]j.a.peya, Vedische Beitrage, etc., has treated of the relations with Persia (Fables, IS. iii. 327). In the works cited above the same author has discussed the relations with all other Western nations, including the Greeks, on which Sykes, Notes on Religious State of India, JRAS. 1841, p. 243, is readable; Bohlen, _Altes-Indien,_ and Levi, La Grece et I'lnde d'apres les doc.u.ments indiens (revue des etudes grecques, 1891) should be read.[64] The subject of Early Christianity in India has been treated by Burnell, IA. iii. 308, iv. 153, etc. (see also above, p. 479); while Priaulx, in JRAS. 1861, 1862, has written a series of interesting articles on India's Connection with Rome. The Indian travels of Apollonius of Tyana, JRAS. 1859, p. 70, etc., are of no value beside those of Ktesias and Megasthenes. The origin of the Hindu Alphabet and the native system of Dates have to do with the originality of parts of Hindu literature, but these outlying subjects, which have a literature of their own, we can only touch upon. A good _resume_ of the discussion in regard to the alphabet will be found in JRAS. xvi. 325, by Cust; a new theory of Franke's, ZDMG. xlvi. 731. Halevy derives the alphabet from Greece. But see now Buhler, Ind. Studies, iii, 1895 (North Semitic, seventh century, B.C.) The native eras are discussed by Cunningham, Book of Indian Eras; and in Muller's India, What Can It Teach Us? p. 282. On the native date for the beginning of the Kali-yuga, _i.e._ this age (the year 3101 or 3102 B.C), JRAS. iv. 136, and Thomas, edition of Prinsep's Antiquities, may be read.[65] A general survey of primitive Aryan culture will be found in Schrader, _loc. cit._, to which may be added on Vedic (Aryan) metres, Westphal, KZ. ix. 437; and Allen, _ib._ xxiv. 556 (style, Heinzel, Stil d.

altgerm. Poesie). On the name [=A]rya, besides _loc. cit._ above, p.

25, may be added, Windisch, Beitr. z. Geschichte d. D. Sprache, iv.

211; Pott, Internat. Zt. fur allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, ii. p. 105 ff. Criticism of a too great confidence in the results of the comparattve method, AJP. xv. 154; PAOS. 1895.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: This bibliography is meant only to orient the reader in regard to exegetical literature. It is not complete, nor does it give editions of texts. The order follows in general that of the chapters, but the second and last paragraphs respectively must be consulted for interpretation and geography. Works that cover several fields are placed under the literature of the first. The special studies on Vedic divinities have been arranged alphabetically.]

[Footnote 2: On account of the inconvenient form in which appeared the earlier numbers of the JRAS. we cite the Old Series only by date. All references without date refer to the New Series (vol i, NS., 1864).]

[Footnote 3: On the artistic side Emil Schlagintweit's great work, Indien in Wort und Bild, contains much of interest to the student of religious paraphernalia. See also below under wild tribes.]

[Footnote 4: Roth, Morality of the Veda; Whitney, Result of Vedic Researches (JAOS. iii. 289 and 331); Whitney, History of the Vedic Texts, _ib_. iv. 245.]

[Footnote 5: Under this t.i.tle Roth has an essay (on the comparison of texts), KZ. xxvi. 45.]

[Footnote 6: See below. Defence of the same by the author, WZKM. vii. 103.]

[Footnote 7: JRAS, i. 51 ff., and subsequent volumes, Contributions to a Knowledge of the Vedic Theogony and Mythology and Progress of the Vedic Religion toward Abstract Conceptions of the Deity.]

[Footnote 8: It cannot be too much emphasized that Gra.s.smann's translation should never be used for comparative purposes. At the same time, for a general understanding of the contents of the whole Rig Veda it is the only book that can be recommended. Ludwig's translation is so uncouth that without a controlling knowledge of the original it is often meaningless.]

[Footnote 9: Bloomfield, AJP. xii. 429. Compare also Regnaud, Le Mythe de Rohita. The same author has published various Vedic articles in the Rev. de l'histoire des religions, vols. xv-xxvi. Whitney's complete translation of AV. will soon appear.]

[Footnote 10: s.e.xual side of fire-cult; whirlwind of fire, M[=a]taricvan, Schwartz, KZ. xx. 202; compare Hillebrandt, ZDMG. x.x.xiii. 248.]

[Footnote 11: Neisser's Vorvedisches im Veda, BB. xvii. 244, is not a mythological study.]

[Footnote 12: Apollon here is Saparye[n.]ya, 'wors.h.i.+pful.'

This derivation is attacked by Froehde, Apollon, BB. xix.

230 (compare Fick, _ib._ xviii. 138), who derives Apollon from [Greek: ph.e.l.lhon], 'word,' comparing [Greek: hapellhaxein], 'conciliare,' _pell_ being 'spell' (in Gospel, etc.), 'inter-pellare.' Thus Apollo would be 'prophet,' 'warspello.'

On _vahni_, Agni, compare Neisser, Vedica, BB. xviii. 301 (xix. 120, 248).]

[Footnote 13: Oldenberg, _loc. cit_., interprets Acvins as morning and evening stars! The epithet (of Agni and Acvins) _bhura[n.]yu_ has been equated with Phor[=o]neus, we forget by whom.]

[Footnote 14: Oldenberg's (Die Religion des Veda) Old-Man-of-the-Mountains-Indra thus gets etymological support.]

[Footnote 15: For convenience included in this list.]

[Footnote 16: Maspiter is Mars-pater.]

[Footnote 17: Hirt equates Parjanya, Perkunas, Fjorgyn, as originally epithet of Dy[=a]ns-Zeus, with [Greek: phegotaios], the 'Oak-G.o.d.' See also Zimmer, ZDA. vii. (19) 164.]

[Footnote 18: Muller explains Rudra as 'howler'; Leo identifies him with Wuotan; Jones with Apollo, Kuhn. KZ.

iii. 335; as A. Sax. Rodor, _ib_. ii. 478: P. von Bradke.