Part 9 (1/2)

The following diagrae of childish develope type_]

Even the preparatory work is now of a higher kind: as soon as the child comes into school, he will choose, for instance, the letters of the alphabet, or rite, then (his strenuous work) he will read

For recreation he will choose an intelligent pasti at illustrated books

All his intellectual occupations are of a higher order, as are also his moral attributes (obedience, serenity, perseverance)

Taking the line of quiescence as a level of developher

[Illustration: _Line of work_]

In a superior stage, the line of work tends to becoht, parallel to the line of quiescence

Meanwhile it has been established that it is possible to deteres_ of internal development, by means of which individual variations may be studied In the primordial type the characteristics are _disorderly conduct_, and _incapacity to concentrate attention_; in such a case there is no real line of work, and the ram remains below the line of quiescence

For the type in which the phenomenon of permanent concentration of attention on a task has raree is now established: _i e preliminary_ work followed by a period of restlessness, and then _strenuous work_ followed by a state of repose

Afterwards we distinguish a second degree, where the average is characterized by the disappearance of the period of unrest, and the strenuous work is brought to a close in conteeneralized observation, of obedience; work has becoeneral elevation, to be recognized by the choice of higher preliminary work; disciplined behavior has becoraht, and parallel to the line of quiescence

[Illustrations: A RECAPITULATORY TABLE OF DEVELOPMENT _Diagrae developments_]

The rise in the level of the plane is related to the qualities ofof the line is related to qualities of internal _construction_ and of the _organization of the personality_; qualities which would be considered of a _moral order_, such as serenity, discipline, self-mastery as manifested in obedience and in the various activities of the child

When work has becoanized order causes good conduct to become a _habit_ Children then ith order, perseverance, and discipline, persistently and naturally; the peranism resembles the respiratory rhythm

The pivot, thein freedom, in accordance with the natural wants of the inner life; thus _freedom in intellectual work_ is found to be the _basis of internal discipline_ The great achievement of the ”Children's Houses” (_Case dei Bambini_) is to produce _disciplined children_

It is this internal organization which gives them a special ”type,” or character, the type or character _required_ to continue the free exercise of activities for the _conquests of culture_ in successive stages

The elementary school period presents itself insensibly as a continuation of the ”Children's Houses” In these, _behavior is a habit_ superposed on and fused with the earlier _habit of work_

Henceforth it will be sufficient to present the radually exercising hie of culture to another

The difference shown in the successive ages arises froer merely the impulse to exercise oneself by repetition of the exercises, but is a higher interest directed to the work itself, and tending to coe as a whole Thus the child creates and seeks for things organized in then by ures with the reatest intensity until he has coht consecutive days with the same work Another child becomes interested in the potentialities of numbers or in the arithmetical frame, and perseveres with the sae of it has matured

Upon a basis of interior order produced by internal organization, the mind then builds up its castle with the sarows spontaneously after birth

We can give but a primary idea at present of the _practical possibility_ of deter to age We shall further require eneous children, completely suitable environment, and trained teachers will afford adequate material for observation Then students will be able to undertake a scientific work, which will perhaps be characterized by a precision superior even to that hich it is at present possible to rowth

We must consider, however, that the indications available to-day represent a long, systereater labor of finding external ive some idea of the difficulty of scientific researches, which many still believe it possible to make by means of arbitrary and superficial tests such as those of Binet and Simon!