Part 3 (1/2)
_To produce beautiful Fire-works in Miniature._
Put half a drachm of solid phosphorus into a large pint Florence flask; holding it slanting, that the phosphorus may not break the gla.s.s. Pour upon it a gill and a half of water, and place the whole over a tea-kettle lamp, or any common tin lamp, filled with spirit of wine. Light the wick, which should be almost half an inch from the flask; and as soon as the water is heated, streams of fire will issue from the water by starts, resembling sky-rockets; some particles will adhere to the sides of the gla.s.s representing stars; and will frequently display brilliant rays. These appearances will continue at times till the water begins to simmer, when immediately a curious aurora borealis begins, and gradually ascends, till it collects to a pointed flame; when it has continued half a minute, blow out the flame of the lamp, and the point that was formed will rush down, forming beautiful illuminated clouds of fire, rolling over each other for some time, which disappearing, a splendid hemisphere of stars presents itself: after waiting a minute or two, light the lamp again, and nearly the same phenomenon will be displayed as from the beginning.
Let the repet.i.tion of lighting and blowing out the lamp be made for three or four times at least, that the stars may be increased. After the third or fourth time of blowing out the lamp, in a few minutes after the internal surface of the flask is dry, many of the stars will shoot with great splendour, from side to side, and some of them will fire off with brilliant rays; these appearances will continue several minutes. What remains in the flask will serve for the same experiment several times, and without adding any more water. Care should be taken, after the operation is over, to lay the flask and water in a cool, secure place.
_Artificial Rain and Hail._
Make a hollow cylinder of wood; let it be very thin at the sides, about eight or ten inches wide, and two or three feet diameter. Divide its inside into five equal parts, by boards of five or six inches wide, and let there be between them and the wooden circle, a s.p.a.ce of about one-sixth of an inch. You are to place these boards obliquely.
In this cylinder put four or five pounds of shot that will easily pa.s.s through the opening. When turned upside down, the noise of the shot going through the various part.i.tions will resemble rain; and if you put large shot, it will produce the sound of hail.
_Illuminated Writing._
It is well known that if any words are written on a wall with solid phosphorus, the writing will appear as if on fire; but it is necessary to give this caution, lest accidents should occur. In using it, let a cup of water be always near you; and do not keep it more than a minute and a half in your hand, for fear the warmth of your hand should set it on fire. When you have written a few words with it, put the phosphorus into the cup of water, and let it stay a little to cool; then take it out, and write with it again.
_A Lamp that will burn Twelve Months without replenis.h.i.+ng._
Take a stick of phosphorus, and put it into a large dry phial, not corked, and it will afford a light sufficient to discern any object in a room when held near it. The phials should be kept in a cool place, where there is no great current of air, and it will continue its luminous appearance for more than twelve months.
_Curious Transcolorations._
Put half a table-spoonful of syrup of violets and three table-spoonfuls of water into a gla.s.s; stir them well together with a stick, and put half the mixture into another gla.s.s. If you add a few drops of acid of vitriol into one of the gla.s.ses and stir it, it will be changed into a crimson; put a few drops of fixed alkali dissolved into the other gla.s.s, and when you stir it, it will change to green.
If you drop slowly into the green liquor, from the side of the gla.s.s, a few drops of acid of vitriol, you will perceive crimson at the bottom, purple in the middle, and green at the top; and by adding a little fixed alkali dissolved, to the other gla.s.s, the same colours will appear in different order.
_Another._
If you put a tea-spoonful of a liquor composed of copper infused in acid of vitriol, into a gla.s.s, and add two or three table-spoonfuls of water to it, there will be no sensible colour produced; but if you add a little volatile alkali to it, and stir it, you will perceive a very beautiful blue colour. Add a little acid of vitriol, the colour will instantly disappear upon stirring it; and by adding a little fixed alkali dissolved, it will return again.
_Another._
Put half a tea-spoonful of a liquor composed of iron infused in acid of vitriol, into half a gla.s.s of water; and add a few drops of phlogisticated alkali, and a beautiful Prussian blue will appear.
_Curious Account of the Electric Effects of a Russian Climate._
Mr. aepinus in a letter to Dr. Guthrie, relates the following phenomena, which took place in Russia, when a severe frost had continued for several weeks.
Mr. aepinus was sent for to the palace to see an uncommon phenomenon.
On going into the apartment of Prince Orloff, he found him at his toilet, and that every time his valet drew the comb through his hair, a strong crackling noise was heard; and on darkening the room, sparks were seen following the comb in great abundance, while the prince himself was so completely electrified, that strong sparks could be drawn from his hands and face; nay, he was even electrified when he was only powdered with a puff.
A few days after, he was witness to a more striking effect of the electric state of a Russian atmosphere. The Grand Duke of Russia sent for him one evening in the twilight, and told him, that having briskly drawn a flannel cover off a green damask chair in his bed-chamber, he was astonished at the appearance of a strong bright flame that followed; but considering it as an electrical appearance, he had tried to produce a similar illumination on different pieces of furniture, and could then show him a beautiful and surprising experiment. His highness threw himself on his bed, which was covered with a damask quilt, laced with gold; and, rubbing it with his hands in all directions, the young prince, who had then reached his twelfth year, appeared swimming in fire, as at every stroke flames arose all around him, darted to the gold-laced border, ran along it, and up to that of the bed, and even to the very top.
While he was showing this experiment, Prince Orloff came into the room, with a sable m.u.f.f in his hand, and showed us, that by only whirling it five or six times round his head in the air, he could electrify himself so strongly, as to send out sparks from all the uncovered parts of his body.
_Astonis.h.i.+ng Power of Steam._
If you put a small quant.i.ty of water into a tea-kettle, and place it on the fire, it will disappear in a short time, having escaped in the steam. But if its escape be prevented by stopping up the spout and crevices, it will force its way by bursting the vessel in which it was confined.
If the steam of boiling water be at liberty, the water never attains more than a certain degree of heat; but if confined in a close vessel, the additional fire not escaping, the power of the steam is increased, it re-acts upon the water, and raises the heat so much higher, that it would keep lead in a melting state; and so penetrating, that it would soften the marrow-bone of an ox, in a few minutes.
There is an instrument contrived for the foregoing purposes, called Papin's Digester, from the name of its inventor, and from its digestive powers on substances exposed to its action. It is a very strong vessel, made of copper, fitted with a thick close cover, and fastened down by several strong screws, so as to render it steam-tight in great degrees of heat. To render it safe, while being used, there is a valve on the cover, to let out the steam, when it is too violent; this valve is kept down by a steel-yard, with a weight moveable upon it, to regulate the degrees of the steam within.
The following account of an accident with one of these instruments, will give some idea of the great force of steam.
Mr. Papin (the inventor) having fixed all things right, and included about a pint of water, with two ounces of marrow-bone, he placed the vessel horizontally between the bars of the grate, about half-way into the fire. In three minutes he found it raised to a great heat, and perceiving the heat in a very short time become more raging, stepped to a side-table for an iron to take the digester out of the fire, when it suddenly burst with the explosion of a musket. It was heard at a considerable distance, and actually shook the house. The bottom of the vessel that was in the fire gave way; the blast of the expanded water blew all the coals out of the fire into the room, the remainder of the vessel flew across the room, and, hitting the leaf of an oak table, an inch thick, broke it all in pieces, and rebounded half the length of the room back again. He could not perceive the least sign of water, though he looked carefully for it; the fire was quite extinguished, and every coal black in an instant.
The following accident was attended with more fatal consequences.
A steam-engine was repairing at Chelsea, and, as the workmen were endeavouring to discover the defect, the boiler suddenly exploded, and a cloud of steam rus.h.i.+ng out at the fracture, struck one of the men who was near it, like a blast of lightning, and killed him in a moment; when his companions endeavoured to take off his clothes, the flesh came off with them from the bones.
_Account of the Wonderful Effects of two immense Burning-Gla.s.ses._
Mr. de Tschirnhausen constructed a burning-gla.s.s, between three and four feet in diameter, and whose focus was rendered more powerful by a second one. This gla.s.s melted tiles, slates, pumice-stone, &c., in a moment; pitch, and all resins, were melted even under water; the ashes of vegetables, wood, and other matters, were converted into gla.s.s; indeed, it either melted, calcined, or dissipated into smoke, every thing applied to its focus.
Mr. Parker, of Fleet-street, made a burning-gla.s.s, three feet in diameter; it was formed of flint gla.s.s, and when on its frame, exposed a surface of 2 feet 8-1/2 inches to the solar rays. It had a small gla.s.s fitted to it, to converge the rays, and heighten the effect. The experiments made by it were more powerful and accurate than those performed by any other gla.s.s. The following is a brief epitome of its astonis.h.i.+ng power.
--------------------------------------+-------+-------+ Substances melted, with their weight;
Weight
Time
and the Time in Seconds, which
in
in
they took in melting.
Grains.
Seconds
--------------------------------------+-------+-------+ Pure gold
20
4
---- silver
20
3
---- copper
33
20
---- platina
10
3
Nickel
16
3
A cube of bar-iron
10
12
--------- cast-iron
10
3
--------- steel
10
12
Scoria of wrought-iron
12
2
Kearsh
10
3