Part 19 (2/2)
[Sidenote: Stay laws.]
172. Stay Laws.--Now the cry was for ”stay laws.” These were laws to prevent those to whom money was due from enforcing their rights.
These laws promptly put an end to whatever business was left. The only way that any business could be carried on was by barter. For example, a man who had a bushel of wheat that he did not want for his family would exchange it for three or four bushels of potatoes, or for four or five days of labor. In some states the legislatures pa.s.sed very severe laws to compel people to receive paper money. In one state, indeed, no one could vote who would not receive paper money.
[Ill.u.s.tration: STATE STREET, BOSTON, ABOUT 1790. The Boston Ma.s.sacre occurred near where the two-horse wagon stands.]
[Sidenote: Disorder in Ma.s.sachusetts.]
173. Shays's Rebellion, 1786-87.--In Ma.s.sachusetts, especially, the discontent was very great. The people were angry with the judges for sending men to prison who did not pay their debts. Crowds of armed men visited the judges and compelled them to close the courts. The leader in this movement was Daniel Shays. He even threatened to seize the United States a.r.s.enal at Springfield. By this time Governor Bowdoin and General Lincoln also had gathered a small force of soldiers. In the midst of winter, through snowstorms and over terrible roads, Lincoln marched with his men. He drove Shays from place to place, captured his followers, and put down the rebellion. There were risings in other states, especially in North Carolina. But Shays's Rebellion in Ma.s.sachusetts was the most important of them all, because it convinced the New Englanders that a stronger national government was necessary.
[Ill.u.s.tration: CLAIMS AND CESSIONS.]
[Sidenote: Claims of the states to Western lands. _McMaster_, 155]
[Sidenote: _Hero Tales_, 19-28.]
[Sidenote: Opposition of Maryland and of other states.]
174. Claims to Western Lands.--The Confederation seemed to be falling to pieces. That it did not actually fall to pieces was largely due to the fact that all the states were interested in the settlement of the region northwest of the Ohio River. It will be well to stop a moment and see how this came about. Under their old charters Ma.s.sachusetts, Connecticut, Virginia, Carolina, and Georgia had claims to lands west of the Alleghanies. Between 1763 and 1776 the British government had paid slight heed to these claims (pp. 75, 89). But Daniel Boone and other colonists had settled west of the mountains in what are now the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. When the Revolution began the states having claims to western lands at once put them forward, and New York also claimed a right to about one-half of the disputed territory. Naturally, the states that had no claims to these lands had quite different views.
The Marylanders, for example, thought that the western lands should be regarded as national territory and used for the common benefit. Maryland refused to join the Confederation until New York had ceded her claims to the United States, and Virginia had proposed a cession of the territory claimed by her.
[Sidenote: The states cede their claims to the United States.
_McMaster_, 159-160.]
175. The Land Cessions.--In 1784 Virginia gave up her claims to the land northwest of the Ohio River with the exception of certain large tracts which she reserved for her veteran soldiers. Ma.s.sachusetts ceded her claims in 1785. The next year (1786) Connecticut gave up her claims.
But she reserved a large tract of land directly west of Pennsylvania.
This was called the Connecticut Reserve or, more often, the Western Reserve. South Carolina and North Carolina ceded their lands in 1787 and 1790, and finally Georgia gave up her claims to western lands in 1802.
[Sidenote: Reasons for the ordinance.]
[Sidenote: Pa.s.sage of Ordinance of 1787. _McMaster_, 160-162; _Source-Book_, 169-172.]
[Sidenote: Pa.s.sage of Ordinance of 1787. _McMaster_, 160-162; _Source-Book_, 169-172.]
176. Pa.s.sage of the Ordinance of 1787.--What should be done with the lands which in this way had come into the possession of the people of all the states? It was quite impossible to divide these lands among the people of the thirteen states. They never could have agreed as to the amount due to each state. In 1785 Congress took the first step. It pa.s.sed a law or an ordinance for the government of the Territory Northwest of the Ohio River. This ordinance was imperfect, and few persons emigrated to the West. There were many persons who wished to emigrate from the old states to the new region. But they were unwilling to go unless they felt sure that they would not be treated by Congress as the British government had treated the people of the original states.
Dr. Cutler of Ma.s.sachusetts laid these matters before Congress and did his work so well that Congress pa.s.sed a new ordinance. This was in 1787.
The ordinance is therefore called the Ordinance of 1787. It was so well suited to its purpose that nearly all the territories of the United States have been settled and governed under its provisions. It will be well to study this great doc.u.ment more at length.
[Sidenote: Provisions of the Ordinance of 1787.]
177. The Ordinance of 1787.--In the first place the ordinance provided for the formation of one territory to be called the Territory Northwest of the Ohio. But it is more often called the Northwest Territory or simply the Old Northwest. At first it was to be governed by the persons appointed by Congress. But it was further provided that when settlers should arrive in sufficient numbers they should enjoy self-government. When fully settled the territory should be divided into five states. These should be admitted to the Confederation on a footing of equality with the original states. The settlers in the territory should enjoy full rights of citizens.h.i.+p. Education should be encouraged.
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