Part 9 (2/2)

165 Moreover, symmetric objects and patterns Moreover, symmetric objects and patterns Humphrey, D (1997) Preferences in symmetries and symmetries in drawings: asymmetries between ages and s.e.xes. Humphrey, D (1997) Preferences in symmetries and symmetries in drawings: asymmetries between ages and s.e.xes. Empirical Studies of the Arts, Empirical Studies of the Arts, 15: 41-60; Berlyne, DE (1974) 15: 41-60; Berlyne, DE (1974) Studies in the New Experimental Aesthetics: Steps Toward an Objective Psychology of Aesthetic Appreciation Studies in the New Experimental Aesthetics: Steps Toward an Objective Psychology of Aesthetic Appreciation. Hemisphere Company, Was.h.i.+ngton DC; Reber, R, Schwarz, N (2006) Perceptual fluency, preference, and evolution. Polish Psychological Bulletin, Polish Psychological Bulletin, 37:16-22; Gombridge, EH (1984) 37:16-22; Gombridge, EH (1984) The Sense of Order: A Study in the Psychology of Decorative Art The Sense of Order: A Study in the Psychology of Decorative Art. Phaidon, London.

165 Indeed, there is widespread use of symmetric designs Indeed, there is widespread use of symmetric designs Ibid. Gombridge; McMa.n.u.s, C (2002) Ibid. Gombridge; McMa.n.u.s, C (2002) Right Hand, Left Hand:The Origins of Asymmetry in Brains, Bodies, Atoms, and Cultures Right Hand, Left Hand:The Origins of Asymmetry in Brains, Bodies, Atoms, and Cultures. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

165 The subjects were asked to ”choose the design The subjects were asked to ”choose the design Cardenas, RA, Harris, LJ (2006) Symmetrical decorations enhance the attractiveness of faces and abstract designs. Cardenas, RA, Harris, LJ (2006) Symmetrical decorations enhance the attractiveness of faces and abstract designs. Evolution and Human Behavior, Evolution and Human Behavior, 27: 1-18. 27: 1-18.

166 This suggests that symmetry is preferred in nonbiological This suggests that symmetry is preferred in nonbiological Ibid. Ibid.

167 Interestingly, the application of an asymmetric design to a symmetric face Interestingly, the application of an asymmetric design to a symmetric face Ibid. Ibid.

10 Pleasure from Repet.i.tion and Rhythm 170 After only a few months, the scientists found After only a few months, the scientists found Chang, EF, Merzenich, MM (2003) Environmental noise r.e.t.a.r.ds auditory cortical development. Chang, EF, Merzenich, MM (2003) Environmental noise r.e.t.a.r.ds auditory cortical development. Science, Science, 300: 498-502. 300: 498-502.

171 Most interesting of all, when the noise-reared rats Most interesting of all, when the noise-reared rats Ibid. Ibid.

171 For instance, it is commonly known that older infants For instance, it is commonly known that older infants Dissanayake, E (1992) Dissanayake, E (1992) h.o.m.oaestheticus h.o.m.oaestheticus. Free Press, New York.

171 Various religious groups practice meditation Various religious groups practice meditation See, for example, Ga.s.s, R, Brehony, KA (2000) See, for example, Ga.s.s, R, Brehony, KA (2000) Chanting: Discovering Spirit in Sound Chanting: Discovering Spirit in Sound. Broadway, New York; Hahn,TN (2006) Chanting from the Heart: Buddhist Ceremonies and Daily Practices Chanting from the Heart: Buddhist Ceremonies and Daily Practices. Parallax Press, Berkeley, CA; Crummet, M (1993) Sun Dance Sun Dance. Falcon Press Publis.h.i.+ng, San Ramon, CA.

171 Babies as young as four months old Babies as young as four months old Sch.e.l.lenberg, EG, Trehub, SE (1996) Natural musical intervals: evidence from infant listeners. Sch.e.l.lenberg, EG, Trehub, SE (1996) Natural musical intervals: evidence from infant listeners. Psychological Science, Psychological Science, 7: 272-277. 7: 272-277.

172 As an example, let us consider music As an example, let us consider music Miller, GF (2000) Miller, GF (2000) The Mating Mind The Mating Mind. Doubleday, New York ; Levitan, DJ (2006) This Is Your Brain on Music This Is Your Brain on Music. Dutton, New York; Mithen, S (2006) The Singing Neanderthals: The Origins of Music, Language, Mind, and Body The Singing Neanderthals: The Origins of Music, Language, Mind, and Body. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

172 Dawkins argued that the cla.s.sic idea Dawkins argued that the cla.s.sic idea Dawkins, R (1982) Dawkins, R (1982) The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.

173 Rather, he suggests that in addition to its potential importance Rather, he suggests that in addition to its potential importance Mithen, S (2006). Mithen, S (2006).

173 Following Darwin's lead, he suggests that music Following Darwin's lead, he suggests that music Miller, GF (2000) Evolution of human music through s.e.xual selection. In Wallin, NL, Nerker, B, Brown, S (eds.), Miller, GF (2000) Evolution of human music through s.e.xual selection. In Wallin, NL, Nerker, B, Brown, S (eds.), The Origins of Music The Origins of Music. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Also see Mithen, S (2006), who suggests that both natural and s.e.xual selection have driven the evolution of human music production and perception.

174 He notes that from this sample,”males He notes that from this sample,”males Miller, GF (2000). Miller, GF (2000).

174 It is difficult to imagine the hunter-gatherer equivalent It is difficult to imagine the hunter-gatherer equivalent This example was also considered by Miller, GF (2000). This example was also considered by Miller, GF (2000).

174 But as Dawkins and others have observed, examples abound But as Dawkins and others have observed, examples abound Ibid. Dawkins, R (1982); and see Hauser, M (1996) Ibid. Dawkins, R (1982); and see Hauser, M (1996) The Evolution of Communication The Evolution of Communication. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

175 Studies in rodents and primates have found Studies in rodents and primates have found For example, see Chang, EF, Merzenich, MM (2003). For example, see Chang, EF, Merzenich, MM (2003).

175 Clearly, music has effects on social communication Clearly, music has effects on social communication Mithen, S (2006). Mithen, S (2006).

176 That is, they exhibit learning similar That is, they exhibit learning similar Mache, FB (2000) The necessity and problem with a universal musicality. In Wallin, NL, Nerker, B, Brown, S (eds.), Mache, FB (2000) The necessity and problem with a universal musicality. In Wallin, NL, Nerker, B, Brown, S (eds.), The Origins of Music The Origins of Music. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

176 There is now evidence that females There is now evidence that females Catchpole, CK, Slater, PJB (1995) Catchpole, CK, Slater, PJB (1995) Bird Song: Biological Themes and Variations Bird Song: Biological Themes and Variations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

176 Many species of birds also sing songs Many species of birds also sing songs Mache, FB (2000); Catchpole, CK, Slater, PJB (1995). Mache, FB (2000); Catchpole, CK, Slater, PJB (1995).

178 Likewise, virtuosic performance of instrumental Likewise, virtuosic performance of instrumental Miller, GF (2000). Miller, GF (2000).

179 Indeed, experiments have demonstrated that when speaking Indeed, experiments have demonstrated that when speaking Bolinger, D (1986) Bolinger, D (1986) Intonation and Its Parts: Melody in Spoken English Intonation and Its Parts: Melody in Spoken English. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA.

11 h.o.m.o Addictus 182 Rats that are made sick by ingesting tainted Rats that are made sick by ingesting tainted Reilly, S, Bornovalova, MA (2005) Conditioned taste aversion and amygdala lesions in the rat: A critical review. Reilly, S, Bornovalova, MA (2005) Conditioned taste aversion and amygdala lesions in the rat: A critical review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29(7): 1067-1088;Welzl, H, D'Adamo, P, Lipp, HP (2001) Conditioned taste aversion as a learning and memory paradigm. 29(7): 1067-1088;Welzl, H, D'Adamo, P, Lipp, HP (2001) Conditioned taste aversion as a learning and memory paradigm. Behavioral Brain Science, Behavioral Brain Science, 125(1-2): 205-213;Yamamoto,T, s.h.i.+mura, T, Sako, N, et al. (1994) Neural substrates for conditioned taste aversion in the rat. 125(1-2): 205-213;Yamamoto,T, s.h.i.+mura, T, Sako, N, et al. (1994) Neural substrates for conditioned taste aversion in the rat. Behavioral Brain Research, Behavioral Brain Research, 65(2): 123-137. 65(2): 123-137.

188 Negative feelings occur with the presence of fitness decrements Negative feelings occur with the presence of fitness decrements Panksepp, J, Knutson, B, Burgdorf, J (2002) The role of brain emotional systems in addiction: a neuro-evolutionary perspective and new ”self-report” animal model. Panksepp, J, Knutson, B, Burgdorf, J (2002) The role of brain emotional systems in addiction: a neuro-evolutionary perspective and new ”self-report” animal model. Addiction, Addiction, 97: 459-469. 97: 459-469.

188 Many anthropologists have pointed out Many anthropologists have pointed out For example, see Sullivan, RJ, Hagan, EH (2002) Psychotropic substance seeking: evolutionary pathology or adaptation. For example, see Sullivan, RJ, Hagan, EH (2002) Psychotropic substance seeking: evolutionary pathology or adaptation. Addiction, Addiction, 97: 389-400; Dudley, R (2002) Fermenting fruit and the historical ecology of ethanol ingestion: is alcoholism in modern humans an evolutionary hangover? 97: 389-400; Dudley, R (2002) Fermenting fruit and the historical ecology of ethanol ingestion: is alcoholism in modern humans an evolutionary hangover? Addiction, Addiction, 97: 381-388. 97: 381-388.

189 For instance, For instance, Areca catechu Areca catechu, commonly known Glover, IC (1977) Prehistoric plant remains from Southeast Asia with special reference to rice. In Taddei, M (ed.), Glover, IC (1977) Prehistoric plant remains from Southeast Asia with special reference to rice. In Taddei, M (ed.), South Asian Archaeology South Asian Archaeology. Inst.i.tuto Universitario Orientale, Naples, 7-37.

189 There is also evidence that nicotine There is also evidence that nicotine Watson, P (1983) Watson, P (1983) This Precious Foliage:A Study of the Aboriginal Psychoactive Drug Pituri This Precious Foliage:A Study of the Aboriginal Psychoactive Drug Pituri. University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

189 For many psychoactive substances For many psychoactive substances Sullivan, RJ, Hagan, EH, 2002. Sullivan, RJ, Hagan, EH, 2002.

189 Indeed, the anthropoid diet has been predominantly Indeed, the anthropoid diet has been predominantly Dudley, R, 2002. Dudley, R, 2002.

189 Temperate-zone fruit sources Temperate-zone fruit sources McKenzie, JA, McKechnie, W (1979) A comparative study of resource utilization in natural populations of McKenzie, JA, McKechnie, W (1979) A comparative study of resource utilization in natural populations of Drosophila Malanogaster Drosophila Malanogaster and and D. simulans D. simulans. Oecologia, Oecologia, 40: 299-309. 40: 299-309.

189 Comparative studies have found that as most temperate Comparative studies have found that as most temperate Brady, CJ (1987) Fruit ripening. Brady, CJ (1987) Fruit ripening. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 38: 155-178. 38: 155-178.

189 Some anthropologists have suggested that ethanol Some anthropologists have suggested that ethanol Dudley, R (2002). Dudley, R (2002).

190 More than 60 percent of Americans have tried an illicit More than 60 percent of Americans have tried an illicit Johnston, LD, O'Malley, PM, Bachman, JG (2001) Johnston, LD, O'Malley, PM, Bachman, JG (2001) Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2000 Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2000.Volume II. College Students and Adults Aged 19-40 College Students and Adults Aged 19-40. Bethesda, MD, National Inst.i.tute on Drug Abuse, MIH Publication 01-4925.

190 For instance, recent studies have found that even for a highly For instance, recent studies have found that even for a highly Wagner, FA, Anthony, JC (2002) From first drug use to drug dependence: Developmental periods of risk for dependence upon marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol. Wagner, FA, Anthony, JC (2002) From first drug use to drug dependence: Developmental periods of risk for dependence upon marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol. Neuropsychopharmacology, Neuropsychopharmacology, 26: 479-488. 26: 479-488.

195 possessing an iron frame possessing an iron frame Harlow, JM (1868) Recovery from the pa.s.sage of an iron bar through the head. Harlow, JM (1868) Recovery from the pa.s.sage of an iron bar through the head. Publications of the Ma.s.sachusetts Medical Society, Publications of the Ma.s.sachusetts Medical Society, 2: 329-346; Harlow, JM (1848-1849) Pa.s.sage of an iron rod through the head. 2: 329-346; Harlow, JM (1848-1849) Pa.s.sage of an iron rod through the head. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 39: 389. 39: 389.

195 This exacting and decisive nature This exacting and decisive nature Ibid. Ibid.

195 ”to please the fancy of the owner” Bigelo, HJ (1850) Dr. Harlow's case of recovery from the pa.s.sage of an iron bar through the head. Bigelo, HJ (1850) Dr. Harlow's case of recovery from the pa.s.sage of an iron bar through the head. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 19: 13-22. 19: 13-22.

196 ”Gage is no longer Gage” Ibid. Ibid.

197 ”possessed a well-balanced mind Ibid. Harlow, JM (1868). Ibid. Harlow, JM (1868).

197 A child in his intellectual capacity and manifestations A child in his intellectual capacity and manifestations Ibid. Ibid.

198 There is emerging evidence that chronic exposure There is emerging evidence that chronic exposure Jentsch, JD, Taylor, JR (1999) Impulsivity resulting from frontostriatal dysfunction in drug abuse: implications for the control of behavior by reward-related stimuli. Jentsch, JD, Taylor, JR (1999) Impulsivity resulting from frontostriatal dysfunction in drug abuse: implications for the control of behavior by reward-related stimuli. Psychopharmacology, Psychopharmacology, 146: 373-390;Volkow, ND, Hitzemann, R,w.a.n.g, GJ, et al. (1992) Long-term frontal brain metabolic changes in chronic cocaine abusers. 146: 373-390;Volkow, ND, Hitzemann, R,w.a.n.g, GJ, et al. (1992) Long-term frontal brain metabolic changes in chronic cocaine abusers. Synapse, Synapse, 11: 184-190. 11: 184-190.

198 Consistent with these findings, addicts Consistent with these findings, addicts For example, Jentsch and Taylor (1999); Bechara, A, Damasio, H (2002) Decision-making and addiction. Part I. Impaired activation of somatic states in substance dependent individuals when pondering decisions with negative future consequences. For example, Jentsch and Taylor (1999); Bechara, A, Damasio, H (2002) Decision-making and addiction. Part I. Impaired activation of somatic states in substance dependent individuals when pondering decisions with negative future consequences. Neuropsychologia, Neuropsychologia, 40: 1675-1689. 40: 1675-1689.

198 It is very likely that a loss of inhibitory It is very likely that a loss of inhibitory Robinson, TE, Berridge, KC (2003) Addiction. Robinson, TE, Berridge, KC (2003) Addiction. Annual Review of Psychology, Annual Review of Psychology, 54: 25-53. 54: 25-53.

198 This view is rooted in fairly recent findings This view is rooted in fairly recent findings Robinson, TE, Berridge, KC (1993) The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Robinson, TE, Berridge, KC (1993) The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Research Reviews, Brain Research Reviews, 18: 157-198; Robinson, TE, Berridge, KC (2000) The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: an incentive-sensitization view. 18: 157-198; Robinson, TE, Berridge, KC (2000) The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: an incentive-sensitization view. Addiction, Addiction, 95: S91-S117; Robinson,TE, Berridge, KC (2003). 95: S91-S117; Robinson,TE, Berridge, KC (2003).

199 A major point, however, is that these animals A major point, however, is that these animals See, for example, Pecina, S, Cagniard, B, Berridge, KC, et al. (2003) Hyperdopaminergic mutant mice have higher ”wanting” but not ”liking” for sweet rewards. See, for example, Pecina, S, Cagniard, B, Berridge, KC, et al. (2003) Hyperdopaminergic mutant mice have higher ”wanting” but not ”liking” for sweet rewards. Journal of Neuroscience, Journal of Neuroscience, 23: 9395-9402. 23: 9395-9402.

<script>