Part 26 (2/2)
”The same day that the duke received news of the king's arrival in Holland, I was come from Calais to Boulogne (where the duke then lay) ignorant of the event and of the king's flight.[28] The duke was first advised that he was dead, which did not trouble him much for he loved the Lancaster line far better than that of York.
Besides he had with him the Dukes of Exeter and of Somerset and divers others of King Henry's faction, by which means he thought himself a.s.sured of peace with the line of Lancaster. But he feared the Earl of Warwick, neither knew he how to content him that was to come to him, I mean King Edward, whose sister he had married and who was also brother-in-arms, for the king wore the Golden Fleece and the duke the Garter.
”Straightway then the duke sent me back to Calais accompanied by a gentleman or two of this new faction of Henry, and gave me instructions how to deal with this new world, urging me to go because it was important for him to be well served in the matter.[29] I went as far as Tournehem, a castle near to Guisnes, and then dared not proceed because I found people fleeing for fear of the English who were devastating the country.... Never before had I needed a safe-conduct for the English are very honourable.
All this seemed very strange to me for I had never seen these mutations in the world.”
Commines was uncertain as to what he had better do and wanted instructions. ”The duke sent me a ring from his finger, bidding me go forward with the promise that if I were taken prisoner he would redeem me.” New surprises met the envoy at Calais. None of the well-known faces were to be seen. ”Further, upon the gate of my lodgings and the very door of my chamber were a hundred white crosses and rhymes signifying that the King of France and Earl of Warwick were one--all of which seemed strange to me.” Well received was Commines and entertained at dinner. It was told at table how within a quarter of an hour after the arrival of news from England every man wore this livery (the ragged staff of Warwick), so speedy and sudden was the change.
”This is the first time that I ever knew how little stable are these mundane affairs.”
”In all communications that pa.s.sed between them and me, I repeated that King Edward was dead, of which fact I said I was well a.s.sured, notwithstanding that I knew the contrary, adding further that though it were not so, yet was the league between the Duke of Burgundy and the king and realm of England such that this accident could not infringe it--whomever they would acknowledge as king him would we recognise.... Thus it was agreed that the league should remain firm and inviolate between us and the king and realm of England save that for Edward we named Henry.”
Commines explains further that the wool trade was what made amity with England necessary to Flanders and Holland, ”which is the princ.i.p.al cause that moved the merchants to labour earnestly for peace.”
Charles made vague promises to his uninvited guest, declaring ostentatiously that his blood was Lancastrian. Nevertheless he finally consented to an interview with him of York, in spite of the remonstrances of the Lancastrians, Somerset and Exeter. ”The duke could not tell whom to please and either party he feared to displease.
But in the end, because sharp war was upon him face to face, he inclined to the English dukes, accepting their promises against the Earl of Warwick, their ancient enemy.” King Edward, ”who was on the spot and very ill at ease,” was quieted by secret a.s.surances that the duke was obliged to dissimulate. ”Seeing that he could not keep the king but that he was bound to return to England and fearing for divers considerations altogether to discontent him, Charles pretended that he could not aid the king and forbade his subjects to enter his service.”
Privately, however, he gave him fifty thousand florins of St. Andrew's cross, and had two or three s.h.i.+ps fitted out at Vere in Zealand, a harbour where all nations were received. Besides this he secretly hired fourteen well appointed ”s.h.i.+ps of the Easterlings, which promised to serve him till he landed in England and for fifteen days after, ”great aid considering the times.”
King Edward departed out of Flanders in the year 1471, when the Duke of Burgundy went to wrest Amiens and St. Quentin back from the king.[30] ”The said duke thought now howsoever the world went in England he could not speed amiss because he had friends on both sides.”[31]
Edward's adventures in England proved that he had not lost his hold there. Warwick's extraordinary brief success was but a flash in the pan. London opened her gates and then the pitched battle at Barnet gave a final verdict between the rival Houses which England accepted.
This battle was fought on April 14th, when the thick fog and the like speech of the two bodies caused hopeless confusion. Many friends slew each other unwittingly, and among the slain was the indefatigable, energetic Warwick who had hoped to play with his royal puppets. Only forty-four was he and worthy of a better and more statesmanlike career.
On that same day Margaret of Anjou and her son landed at Weymouth.
Hearing of Warwick's death, they tried to reach Wales but were intercepted and forced to fight at Tewkesbury. Here the young prince, too, met his death. To Edward's direct command is attributed the murder of the unfortunate Henry VI. in the Tower, which happened at about the same time. The desolated Margaret of Anjou lingered five years under restraint in England before she was ransomed by King Louis.
”Sir John Paston to Margaret Paston. Wreten at London the Thorysdaye in Esterne weke, 1471.
”G.o.d hathe schewyd Hym selffe marvelouslye lyke Hym that made all and can undoo agayn whare Hym lyst.”[32]
Charles of Burgundy could now pride himself on his foresight. His brother of the two Orders was himself again.
”The very day on which this fight happened [says Commines] the Duke of Burgundy, being before Amiens, received letters from the d.u.c.h.ess his wife, that the King of England was not at all satisfied with him, that he had given his aid grudgingly and as if for very little cause he would have deserted him. To speak plainly there never was great friends.h.i.+p between them afterwards. Yet the Duke of Burgundy seemed to be extremely pleased at this news and published it everywhere.”
A transaction of his own of this time, the duke did not publish. It was a procedure perhaps justified by these wonderful ”mutations in the world” which impressed Commines as strange and terrible. The Duke of Burgundy caused a legal doc.u.ment to be drawn up attesting his own heirs.h.i.+p to Henry VI. of England, and filed the same in the Abbey of St. Bertin with all due formality. If there came more ”mutations”
in the world whose very existence was a new experience to Philip de Commines, Charles was ready to interpose his own plank in the new structure.
In the archives of the House of Croy in the chateau of Beaumont, rests this doc.u.ment, which was duly signed by Charles on November 3, 1471, in his own hand ”so that greater faith” be given to the statement that no one was truer heir to the Lancaster House than Charles of Burgundy.[33] Two canons attested the instrument as notaries, and the witnesses were Hugonet, Humbercourt, and Bladet.
It was expressly stipulated that if there were any delay in the duke's entering upon his English inheritance--which devolved to him through his mother,--a delay caused by motives of public utility of Christendom, and of the House of Burgundy, this should not prejudice his rights or those of his successors. A mere deferring of a.s.suring the t.i.tles, etc., brought no prejudice to his rights. His delay ended in his death and Edward IV. never had to combat this claim of the brother-in-law who had helped him, though grudgingly, to regain his throne.
[Footnote 1: Meyer is the earliest historian to tell this story and it is vouched for by no existing contemporary evidence.]
[Footnote 2: From Henry VI.-Henry VII. the English throne was twice lost and twice regained by each of the rival Houses of York and Lancaster. Thirteen pitched battles were fought between Englishmen on English soil. Three out of four kings died by violence. Eighty persons connected with the blood royal were executed or a.s.sa.s.sinated.]
[Footnote 3: Ramsay, _Lancaster and York_, ii., 232 _et seq._; Oman, _Hundred Years' War_ and _Warwick, the King-maker_, are followed here in addition to Kirk, Lavisse, etc.]
[Footnote 4: That the king chose his wife without the earl's knowledge or consent has been accepted as the chief cause, and again denied by various authorities.]
<script>