Part 6 (1/2)

2. ”Ages of Man,” People, November 16, 1998.

3. ”Tom Cruise,” WestLord, /tom-cruise-biography.

4. B. Svetkey, ”The Crucible,” Entertainment Weekly, December 20, 1996.

5. A. Bandura, Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control (New York: Freeman, 1997).

6. In case you were wondering, we had worried that the giving of praise might make people believe their performance was even better than they might think if they had received the good score alone. However, when we a.s.sessed people's judgments of how well they believed they did compared to others, receiving praise didn't improve their judgments of their performance. That is, people who received a score and praise judged their abilities to be the same as those who just received a score. Praise, however, functioned to mark the skill as socially important.

7. L. A. Williams and D. DeSteno, ”Pride and Perseverance: The Motivational Role of Pride,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94 (2008): 100717.

8. Hardball, MSNBC, May 1, 2003.

9. Countdown with Keith Olbermann, MSNBC, May 1, 2003.

10. Face the Nation, CBS, May 4, 2003.

11. J. L. Tracy and D. Matsumoto, ”The Spontaneous Expression of Pride and Shame: Evidence for Biologically Innate Nonverbal Displays,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (2008): 1165560.

12. A. F. Shariff and J. L. Tracy, ”Knowing Who's Boss: Implicit Perceptions of Status from the Nonverbal Expression of Pride,” Emotion 9 (2009): 63139.

13. L. A. Williams and D. DeSteno, ”Pride: Adaptive Social Emotion or Seventh Sin?” Psychological Science 20 (2009): 28488.

14. P. A. Creed and J. Muller, ”Psychological Distress in the Labour Market: Shame or Deprivation,” Australian Journal of Psychology 58 (2006): 3139.

15. B. Carey, ”When All You Have Left Is Your Pride,” New York Times, April 7, 2009.

16. R. H. Gramzow and G. Willard, ”Exaggerating Current and Past Performance: Motivated Self-Enhancement Versus Reconstructive Memory,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32 (2006): 111425.

17. R. H. Gramzow, G. Willard, and W. B. Mendes, ”Big Tales and Cool Heads: Academic Exaggeration Is Related to Cardiac Vagal Reactivity,” Emotion 8 (2008): 13844.

5 / COMPa.s.sIONATE OR CRUEL?.

1. ”Christmas 1914 and World War One,” ing).

14. A. Waytz, N. Epley, and J. T. Cacioppo, ”Social Cognition Unbound: Psychological Insights into Anthropomorphism and Dehumanization,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 19 (2010): 5862.

15. Maurice Bridge, ”Bystanders Ignore Plight of Burning Homeless Man,” CanWest News Service, December 14, 2005, /focus/f-news/1540733/posts.

16. L. T. Harris and S. T. Fiske, ”Dehumanizing the Lowest of the Low: Neuro-imaging Responses to Extreme Outgroups,” Psychological Science 17 (2006): 84753.

17. C. N. DeWall and R. F. Baumeister, ”Alone but Feeling No Pain: Effects of Social Exclusion on Physical Pain Tolerance and Pain Threshold, Affective Forecasting, and Interpersonal Empathy,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91 (2006): 115.

6 / FAIRNESS AND TRUST.

1. Evan Buxbaum, ”Storeowner: A Little Compa.s.sion Changed Would-Be Robber's Life,” CNN, December 3, 2009, /2009/US/12/03/convenience.store.compa.s.sion/index.html.

2. Kieran Crowley, ”Ex-Thug Repaid Deli Owner Who Helped Him,” New York Post, December 3, 2009, /p/news/local/he_kept_the_change_3mewgRcqMr311EPvag4sjL.

3. R. H. Frank, Pa.s.sions Within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions (New York: W. W. Norton, 1988).

4. M. Y. Bartlett and D. DeSteno, ”Grat.i.tude and Prosocial Behavior: Helping When It Costs You,” Psychological Science 17 (2006): 31925.

5. Such helping of others to whom we don't owe anything can foster upstream reciprocity, which is a fancy word akin to ”paying it forward.” Research has shown that upstream reciprocity can underlie major growth in the levels of cooperation exhibited by members of societies. M. A. Nowak and S. Roch, ”Upstream Reciprocity and the Evolution of Grat.i.tude,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274 (2007): 6059.

6. Steve Wulf and Tom Witkowski, ”The Glow from a Fire,” Time, January 8, 1996.

7. David Lamb, ”Ethics, Loyalty Are Tightly Woven at Mill,” Los Angeles Times, December 19, 1996, articles.latimes.com/1996-12-19/news/mn-10581_1_malden-mills.

8. D. DeSteno, M. Bartlett, J. Baumann, L. Williams, and L. d.i.c.kens, ”Grat.i.tude as Moral Sentiment: Emotion-Guided Cooperation in Economic Exchange,” Emotion 10 (2010): 28993.

9. S. B. Algoe, J. Haidt, and S. L. Gable, ”Beyond Reciprocity: Grat.i.tude and Relations.h.i.+ps in Everyday Life,” Emotion 8 (2008): 42529.

10. N. M. Lambert, M. Clark, J. Durtschi, F. D. Fincham, and S. Graham, ”Benefits of Expressing Grat.i.tude: Expressing Grat.i.tude to a Partner Changes the Expresser's View of the Relations.h.i.+p,” Psychological Science 21 (2010): 57480.

11. Kathy Slobogin, ”Survey: Many Students Say Cheating's OK,” CNN, April 5, 2002, archives.cnn.com/2002/fyi/teachers.ednews/04/05/highschool.cheating.

12. F. Gino, S. Ayal, and D. Ariely, ”Contagion and Differentiation in Unethical Behavior: The Effect of One Bad Apple on the Barrel,” Psychological Science 20 (2009): 39398.

13. C.-B. Zhong, V. B. Lake, and F. Gino, ”A Good Lamp Is the Best Police: Darkness Increases Dishonesty and Self-Interested Behavior,” Psychological Science 21 (2010): 31114.

7 / PLAYING IT SAFE VS. TAKING A GAMBLE.

1. Alexandra Berzon, ”The Gambler Who Blew $127 Million,” Wall Street Journal, December 5, 2009, online.wsj.com/article/SB125996714714577317.html.

2. A. Tversky and D. Kahneman, ”Availability: A Heuristic for Judging Frequency and Probability,” Cognitive Psychology 5 (1973): 20732; B. Combs and P. Slovic, ”Newspaper Coverage of Causes of Death,” Journalism Quarterly 56 (1979): 83743.