Part 14 (1/2)

2”the quintessence”: Nehru, Toward Freedom Toward Freedom, p. 189.

3”He looked at India”: Naipaul, Area of Darkness Area of Darkness, p. 77.

4”I was face to face”: Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 196.

5”There were only a few”: Ibid., pp. 19697.

6Even as a boy: Andrews, Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi, p. 113.

7Just as racial segregation: Bayly, Caste, Society, and Politics in India Caste, Society, and Politics in India, chap. 5, especially pp. 196, 210, 226.

8”pollution barrier”: Ibid., pp. 189, 233. Ibid., pp. 189, 233.

9Practices varied: The following studies have illuminating discussions on these points: Ibid., Dirks, Castes of Mind; Castes of Mind; and Mendelsohn and Vicziany, and Mendelsohn and Vicziany, Untouchables Untouchables.

10the coinage ”Hinduism”: See Pennington, Was Hinduism Invented? Was Hinduism Invented? p. 60, also p. 168. p. 60, also p. 168.

11Gandhi was then warned: Jordens, Gandhi's Religion Gandhi's Religion, p. 56.

12”It was also a problem”: Prabhudas Gandhi, My Childhood with Gandhiji My Childhood with Gandhiji, p. 59.

13Three years later: Photostat of the certificate is on display at the Sabarmati Ashram Museum.

14The Bania in Gandhi: Doke, M. K. Gandhi: An Indian Patriot M. K. Gandhi: An Indian Patriot, p. 52.

15The prodigal son: Pyarelal, Early Phase Early Phase, p. 281.

16”I would not so much”: Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 78.

17His standing with the Modh Banias: I am indebted to Narayan Desai, son of Mahadev, Gandhi's secretary, for making this point in an interview in Barodi in April 2008.

18”Wherever you see men”: O'Hanlon, Caste, Conflict, and Ideology Caste, Conflict, and Ideology, p. 71.

19”We are all brothers”: Tolstoy, Kingdom of G.o.d Is Within You Kingdom of G.o.d Is Within You, p. 88. According to Professor Donald Fanger of Harvard, the literal translation would be ”carries out my chamber pot.”

20What Is to Be Done?: Although the common English t.i.tle of this Tolstoy volume is the same as that of a more famous tract by Lenin, the Russian t.i.tles are different. Professor Fanger says the literal translation of the Tolstoy would be ”So What Must We Do?”

21”when men of our circle”: Tolstoy, What Is to Be Done? What Is to Be Done? p. 272. I've here subst.i.tuted ”latrines” for ”sewers” on the advice of Professor Fanger. p. 272. I've here subst.i.tuted ”latrines” for ”sewers” on the advice of Professor Fanger.

22”Gandhi,” Aurobindo said: Aurobindo, India's Rebirth India's Rebirth, p. 173.

23But an Indian scholar: Mahadevan, Year of the Phoenix Year of the Phoenix, pp. 7071.

24In any case, by August: Swan, in Gandhi: The South African Experience Gandhi: The South African Experience, pp. 4850, casts doubt on the a.s.sumption that the young Gandhi provided the impetus for the formation of the Natal Indian Congress. She suggests that the traders who subsequently dominated the organization are likely to have employed Gandhi to advance their goals.

25”To inquire into the conditions”: CWMG CWMG, vol. 1, p. 132.

26”I lived in South Africa”: Ibid., vol. 33, p. 25.

27His wounds have been treated: Ibid., vol. 2, p. 20.

28It takes half a year: Meer, Apprentices.h.i.+p of a Mahatma Apprentices.h.i.+p of a Mahatma, p. 36.

29”A regular stream”: Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 135.

30”He emerged virtually”: Sanghavi, Agony of Arrival Agony of Arrival, p. 129.

31Gandhi himself doesn't go on: According to the Durban lawyer Ha.s.sim Seedat, who attempted to trace Gandhi's legal papers from this era through the successor firm that inherited them only to be told that they had been thrown out.

32”He will cause some trouble”: Britton, Gandhi Arrives in South Africa Gandhi Arrives in South Africa, p. 300. The location of this doc.u.ment isn't specified in the book. Responding to an e-mail query, its author explained that he did his research ”on and off for thirty years,” much of it in the archives of colonial Natal, in the branch of the National Archives in Pietermaritzburg, or in British Colonial Office files, now located at the National Archives in Kew.

33”have no wish to see”: CWMG CWMG, vol. 1, pp. 27374, cited by Naidoo, Tracking Down Historical Myths Tracking Down Historical Myths, p. 137.

34”If that hatred”: CWMG CWMG, vol. 1, p. 143.

35In finely honed understatement: Ibid., pp. 14263.

36”The cla.s.s of Hindoos”: Critic Critic, Jan. 11, 1895, as quoted in Pyarelal, Early Phase Early Phase, p. 478.

37Or, since Pyarelal: Pyarelal and Nayar, In Gandhiji's Mirror In Gandhiji's Mirror, p. 7.

38”The barbed shaft penetrated”: Pyarelal, Early Phase Early Phase, p. 478.

39”Has not a just”: Fischer, Essential Gandhi Essential Gandhi, p. 251. See also M. K. Gandhi, Selected Political Writings Selected Political Writings, p. 118.

40”During my campaigns”: CWMG CWMG, vol. 13, p. 278.

41”dark and stinking”: Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 149.

42He then went into: Ibid., p. 150.

43”But to clean those used: Ibid., pp. 24344.

44His pique becomes: CWMG CWMG, vol. 67, p. 2.

45”close touch with suffering Indians”: Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 177.

46”The Indians were not ent.i.tled”: Gandhi, Satyagraha in South Africa Satyagraha in South Africa, p. 76.

47So while he has told us: Gandhi, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 189.

48”General Buller had no intention”: Gandhi, Satyagraha in South Africa Satyagraha in South Africa, p. 77.

49”For days they worked”: Fischer, Life of Mahatma Gandhi Life of Mahatma Gandhi, p. 63.

50”The agony of the General”: Pyarelal, Discovery of Satyagraha Discovery of Satyagraha, p. 287.