Part 127 (1/2)

19 Central America and the temporary colonization of southern Greenland

Scott Mandia, Suffolk University, ”Vikings During the Medieval Warm Period,” www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/lia/vikings_during_mwp.html; Brian f.a.gan, The Long Summer: How Climate Changed Civilization (New York: Basic Books, 2004), p. 236.

20 paddled their kayaks to Scotland; farther south, millions died

Scott Mandia, Suffolk University, ”The Little Ice Age in Europe,” www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/lia/little_ice_age.html.

21 a chain of events leading to the Black Death

Lei Xu et al., ”Nonlinear Effect of Climate on Plague During the Third Pandemic in China,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, May 4, 2011.

22 unusually large eruption of the Tambora volcano

”Volcanic Eruption, Tambora,” Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change (Chichester, UK: Wiley, 2002), pp. 73738.

23 An estimated 25 percent of the CO2

David Archer and Victor Brovkin, ”The Millennial Atmospheric Lifetime of Anthropogenic CO2,” Climatic Change 90 (2008): 28397; personal correspondence with Daniel Schrag, January 19, 2011.

24 have occurred in the last ten years

NASA, ”NASA Finds 2011 Ninth-Warmest Year on Record,” January 19, 2012,

25 flooding in Pakistan that displaced 20 million people

”Pakistan Floods Leave 20 Million Homeless,” CBC News, August 14, 2010,

26 unprecedented heat waves in Europe in 2003

J. Robine et al., ”Death Toll Exceeded 70,000 in Europe During Summer of 2003,” Comptes Rendus Biologies, February 2008.

27 Russia in 2010 that led to 55,000 deaths