Part 135 (2/2)

OBS 19--When two or more infinitives are connected in the saoverns the always necessary, unless we mean to make the terms severally emphatical This fact is one evidence that _to_ is not a necessary part of each infinitive verb, as some will have it to be

Exao_ and _bury_ my father”--_Matt_, viii, 21 ”To _shut_ the door, means, TO _throw_ or _cast_ the door to”--_Tooke's D P_, ii, 105 ”Most authors expect the printer TO _spell, point_, and _digest_ their copy, that it ible to the reader”--_Printer's Grammar_

”I'll not be made a soft and dull-eyed fool, To _shake_ the head, _relent_, and _sigh_, and _yield_”--_Shak_

OBS 20--An infinitive that explains an other, may sometimes be introduced without the preposition _to_; because, the for it, the construction of the latter is made the same by this kind of apposition: as, ”Thebooks at present is, TO _serve_ the_ of their acquaintance”--SWIFT: _Kames, El of Crit_, ii, 166

OBS 21--After _than_ or _as_, the sign of the infinitive is sometimes required, and sometimes excluded; and in some instances we can either insert it or not, as we please The latter term of a comparison is almost always more or less elliptical; and as the nature of its ellipsis depends on the structure of the for the sign of the infinitive Examples: ”No desire is more universal than [_is the desire_] to be exalted and honoured”--_Kareat to die for a friend, as [_is the difficulty_] to find a friend worth dying for”--_Id, Art of Thinking_, p 42 ”It is no more in one's power to love or not to love, than [_it is in one's power_] to be in health or out of order”--_Ib_, p

45 ”Men are more likely to be praised into virtue, than [_they are likely_] to be railed out of vice”--_Ib_, p 48 ”It is more tolerable to be always alone, than [_it is tolerable_] never to be so”--_Ib_, p 26

”Nothing [_is_][is]

” [_is difficult_]--_Ib_, p 46 Or: ”than [_it is easy_] to do mischief:” &c, ”than [_it is difficult_] to suffer,” &c ”It is reeable to the nature of reeable to their nature_] to lead”--_Ib_, p 55 In all these examples, the preposition _to_ is very properly inserted; but what excludes it from the former teroverning verb be understood there: as, ”You no more heard me _say_ those words, than [_you heard me_] _talk_ Greek” It may be equally proper to say, ”We choose rather to lead than _follow_,” or, ”We choose rather to lead than _to_ follow”--_Art of Thinking_, p 37 Thein either case is, ”We choose to lead rather than _we choose to_ follow” In the following example, there is perhaps an ellipsis of _to_ before _cite_: ”I need do nothing more than _simply cite_ the explicit declarations,” &c--_Gurney's Peculiarities_, p 4 So in these: ”Nature did no more than _furnish_ the power and , than _work_, he better understands; Or we perhaps ht take him off thy hands”

--_Pope's Odyssey_, xvii, 260

OBS 22--It has been stated, in Obs 16th on Rule 17th, that good writers are apt to shun a repetition of any part co the examples there cited is this: ”They ister_ So one ht say, ”Can a man arrive at excellence, who has no desire _to_?”--”I do not wish to go, nor expect _to_”--”Open the door, if you are going _to_” Answer: ”We want _to_, and try _to_, but can't” Such ellipses of the infinitive after _to_, are by no means uncommon, especially in conversation; nor do they appear to me to be always reprehensible, since they prevent repetition, and may contribute to brevity without obscurity But Dr Bullions has lately thought proper to _conden of the following note: ”_To_, the sign of the infinitive, should never be used for the infinitive itself Thus, 'I have not written, and I do not intend _to_,' is a colloquial vulgarism for, 'I have not written, and I do not intend _to write_'”--_Bullions's analyt and Pract Gram_, p 179 His ”Exercises to be corrected,” here, are these: ”Be sure to write yourself and tell hinedmanifest, that _to_ cannot ”be used _for_”--(that is, _in place of_--)what is implied _after_ it, this is certainly a very aay of hinting ”there should never be an ellipsis of the infinitive after _to_” But, from the false syntax furnished, this appears to have been theintended The exaested--not because ”_to_” is used for ”_write_” or ”_live_”--not, indeed, for any one reason common to the three--but because, in the first, ”_to write_” and ”_have not written_,” have nothing in common which we can omit; in the second, the mood of ”_tell_” is doubtful, and, without a co; in the third, the mood, the person, and the number of ”_live_,” are all unknown See Note 9th to Rule 17th, above; and Note 2d to the General Rule, below

OBS 23--Of some infinitives, it is hard to say whether they are transitive or intransitive; as, ”Well, then, let us proceed; we have other forced marches to _make_; other enemies to _subdue_; e_”--BONAPARTE: _Columbian Orator_, p 136 These, without ellipsis, are intransitive; but relatives may be inserted

IMPROPRIETIES FOR CORRECTION

FALSE SYNTAX UNDER RULE XIX

INFINITIVES AFTER BID, DARE, FEEL, HEAR, LET, &c

”I dare not to proceed so hastily, lest I should give offence”--_Murray's Exercises_, p 63

[FORMULE--Not proper, because the preposition _to_ is inserted before _proceed_, which follows the active verb _dare_ But, according to Rule 19th, ”The active verbs, _bid, dare, feel, hear, let, make, need, see_, and their participles, usually take the infinitive after them without the preposition _to_;” and this is an instance in which the finite verb should iovern the infinitive Therefore, the _to_ should be omitted; thus, ”I _dare_ not _proceed_ so hastily,” &c]

”Their character is fory_, p 115

[FORMULE--Not proper, because the preposition _to_ is not inserted between _ passive But, according to Obs 5th and 10th on Rule 19th, those verbs which in the active forovern it when they are made passive, except the verb _let_ Therefore, _to_ should be here inserted; thus, ”Their character is formed, and made _to_ appear”]

”Let there be but matter and opportunity offered, and you shall see theain”--_Wisdom of the Ancients_, p 53 ”It has been ainst a revelation”--_Butler's analogy_, p 252 ”MANIFEST, _v t_ To reveal; to make to appear; to show plainly”--_Webster's Aood Aurelius, or let him to bleed like unto Socrates”--_Kirkha I could not; to coill_ ”If T M be not so frequently heard pray by them”--_Barclay's Works_, iii, 132 ”How many of your own church members were never heard pray?”--_Ib_, iii, 133 ”Yea, we are bidden pray one for another”--_Ib_, iii, 145 ”He was 's death, nor imprisonment would help hi sensation to creep over ot home yet”--_Ib_ ”We sometimes see bad men to be honoured”--_Ib_ ”I saw him to move”--_Felch's Comprehensive Gram_, p 62 ”For see thou, ah! see thou a hostile world to raise its terrours”--_Kirkham's Gram_, p 167 ”But that he make him to rehearse so”--_Lily's Gra Gram_, p 41

”Scripture, you know, exhorts us to it; Bids us to 'seek peace, and ensue it'”--_Swift's Poems_, p 336

”Who bade the s of Lazarus?

Co Heaven that ruled it thus”--_Christmas Book_

CHAPTER VII--PARTICIPLES

The true or regular syntax of the English Participle, as a part of speech distinct from the verb, and not converted into a noun or an adjective, is twofold; being sometimes that of simple _relation_ to a noun or a pronoun that precedes it, and sooverned_ by a preposition In the former construction, the participle resembles an adjective; in the latter, it is more like a noun, or like the infinitive overned _as a participle_, and not as a case[417] To these two constructions, so the participle sometimes as the _subject_ of a finite verb, sometimes as the _object_ of a transitive verb, and sometimes as a _nominative_ after a neuter verb Of these five constructions, the first two, are the legitimate uses of this part of speech; the others are occasional, modern, and of doubtful propriety

RULE XX--PARTICIPLES

Participles relate to nouns or pronouns, or else are governed by prepositions: as, ”Elizabeth's tutor, at one ti_ Plato”--_Hu_ wit and _failing_, than in _seeing_ ainto it”--_Dr Johnson_