Part 112 (1/2)

”Their appearing foolishness is no presuy_, p 189 ”But what arises fro liable to be perverted”--_Ib_, p 185 ”And he entered into a certain man's house, named Justus, one that worshi+pped God”--_Acts_, xviii, 7

UNDER NOTE II--OF FALSE IDENTIFICATION

”But to be popular, he observes, is an auous word”--_Blair's Rhet_, p 307 ”The infinitive mood, or part of a sentence, is often the nominative case to a verb”--_L Murray's Index, Octavo Gra, introduces his own name, it is the first person; as, 'I, James, of the city of Boston'”--_R C Smith's New Gram_, p 43 ”The name of the person spoken to, is the second person; as, 'Ja spoken of, or about, is the third person; as, 'James has come'”--_Ibid_ ”The object [of a passive verb] is always its subject or nominative case”--_Ib_, p

62 ”When a noun is in the nominative case to an active verb, it is the actor”--_Kirkham's Gram_, p 44 ”And the person coersoll's Gram_, p 120 ”The first person is that who speaks”--_Pasquier's Levizac_, p 91 ”The Conjugation of a Verb is its different variations or inflections throughout the Moods and Tenses”--_Wright's Gram_, p 80 ”The first person is the speaker The second person is the one spoken to The third person is the one spoken of”--_Parker and Fox's Gram_, Part i, p 6; _Hiley's_, 18 ”The first person is the one that speaks, or the speaker”--_Sanborn's Gram_, pp 23 and 75 ”The second person is the one that is spoken to, or addressed”--_Ibid_ ”The third person is the one that is spoken of, or that is the topic of conversation”--_Ibid_ ”_I_, is the first person Singular _We_, is the first person Plural”--_Murray's Graersoll's_, and _ular _Ye_ or _you_, is the second person Plural”--_Ibid_ ”_He, she_, or _it_, is the third person Singular _They_, is the third person Plural”--_Ibid_ ”The nominative case is the actor, or subject of the verb”--_Kirkham's Gram_, p 43 ”The noun _John_ is the actor, therefore John is in the nominative case”--_Ibid_ ”The actor is always the nominative case”--_Smith's New Graent or actor”--_Mack's Gram_, p 67 ”Tell the part of speech each name is”--_J Flint's Gram_, p 6 ”What number is _boy_?

Why? What number is _pens_? Why?”--_Ib_, p 27 ”The speaker is the first person, the person spoken to, the second person, and the person or thing spoken of, is the third person”--_Ib_, p 26 ”What nouns are ender”--_Ib_, p 28 ”An interjection is a sudden emotion of the mind”--_Barrett's Gram_, p 62

RULE VII--OBJECTIVES

A Noun or a pronoun overned by it in the objective case: as, ”The terave_: the flame that burns upon its _altars_, is kindled froift, froift_, proceeds”--_Cowper_, Vol i, p 95

OBSERVATIONS ON RULE VII

OBS 1--To this rule there are no exceptions; for prepositions, in English, govern no other case than the objective[364] But the learner should observe that most of our prepositions may take the _imperfect participle_ for their object, and so_ the trial they accused hi received_ only upon the foot _of contributing_ to mirth and diversion”--_Steele_ And the preposition _to_ is often followed by an _infinitive verb_; as, ”When one sort of wind is said _to whistle_, and an other _to roar_; when a serpent is said _to hiss_, a fly _to buzz_, and falling timber _to crash_; when a streay between the word and the thing signified, is plainly discernible”--_Blair's Rhet_, p 55 But let it not be supposed that participles or infinitives, when they are governed by prepositions, are therefore in the _objective case_; for case is no attribute of either of these classes of words: they are indeclinable in English, whatever be the relations they assuoverned _as participles_, or _as infinitives_, and not _as cases_ The _ the overned, that it necessarily presupposes it to exist, and that it is soy

OBS 2--The brief assertion, that, ”Prepositions govern the objective case,” which till very lately our grammarians have universally adopted as their sole rule for both teroverned,--the preposition and its object,--is, in respect to both, so but partially and la nature of the preposition, nor applies to all objectives, nor eovern

It is true, that prepositions, when they introduce declinable words, or words that have cases, always govern the objective; but the rule is liable to be misunderstood, and is in fact oftenraoverned, by one and the saovern in the order of the parts of speech, expressing the rule in such teriven, in its proper place, a distinct rule for the construction of the preposition itself See Rule 23d

OBS 3--Prepositions are sometimes _elliptically_ construed with _adjectives_, the real object of the relation being thought to be some objective noun understood: as, _in vain, in secret, at first, on high_; i

e _in a vain h places_

Such phrases usually iree, or , the learner may supply the ellipsis

OBS 4--In soovern a _perfect participle_; but these expressions are perhaps rather to be explained as being elliptical: as, ”To give it up _for lost_;”--”To take that _for granted_ which is disputed”--_Murray's Graive it up for _a thing_ lost;”--”To take that for _a thing_ granted,” &c In the following passage the words _ought_ and _should_ are employed in such a manner that it is difficult to say to what part of speech they belong: ”It is that very character of _ought_ and _should_ which makes justice a law to us; and the sah perhaps more faintly than to justice”--_Ka see owed_ and _required, that_ makes justice a law to us;” and this mode of expression, as it is rammatical than his Lordshi+p's But, as preterits are soe_ for participles, a reference of the, whenever they are introduced by a preposition, and not by a nominative: as, ”A kind of conquest CaesarOf, _came_, and _saw_, and _overca co that a _sentence_ is the object of the preposition, we o_ is in the bulletin referred to, ”_Veni, vidi, vici_”

For, as a short sentence is sometimes made the subject of a verb, so is it sometihest station ends _in, 'here he lies;'_ And '_dust to dust_,' concludes her noblest song”--_Young_

OBS 5--In some instances, prepositions precede _adverbs_; as, _at once, at unawares, from thence, from above, till now, till very lately, for once, for ever_ Here the adverb, though an indeclinable word, appears to be made _the object_ of the preposition It is in fact used substantively, and governed by the preposition The term _forever_ is often written as one word, and, as such, is obviously an adverb The rest are what some writers would call _adverbial phrases_; a term not very consistent with itself, or with the true idea of _parsing_ If different parts of speech are to be taken together as having the nature of an adverb, they ought rather to coalesce and be united; for the verb to _parse_, being derived froeneral a distinct recognition of the elements or words of every phrase or sentence

OBS 6--Nouns of _time, measure, distance_, or _value_, have often so direct a relation to verbs or adjectives, that the prepositions which are supposed to govern them, are usually suppressed; as, ”We rode _sixty h_ sixty _ richer”--_Webster's Essays_, p 122 That is,--”richer _by_ a farthing” ”The error has been copied _times_ without number”--_Ib_, p 281 That is,--”_on_ or _at_ tih, and a roice that height_, require different proportions” _Kah _to_ ten feet,” and, ”a row _of_ twice that height” ”_Altus sex pedes_, High _on_ or _at_ six feet”--_Dr Murray's Hist of Europ Lang_, ii, 150

All such nouns are in the _objective case_, and, in parsing them, the learner ht be as well, to say, as do B H Smart and some others, that the noun is an objective of ti directly to the verb or adjective qualified by it Such expressions as, ”A board of six feet _long_,”--”A boy _of_ twelve years _old_,” are wrong Either strike out the _of_, or say, ”A board of six feet _in length_,”--”A boy of twelve years _of age_;” because this preposition is not suited to the adjective, nor is the adjective fit to qualify the time or measure

OBS 7--After the adjectives _like, near_, and _nigh_, the preposition _to_ or _unto_ is often understood;[366] as, ”It is _like_ [_to_ or _unto_]

silver”--_Allen_ ”How _like_ the forh_ this recess”--_Garth_ As similarity and proxiht seeh_, prepositions; and sorammarians have so classed the last two Dr Johnson see _near_ a preposition, in the phrase, ”_So near_ thy heart,” and an adjective, in the phrase, ”Being _near_ their master” See his _Quarto Dict_ I have not placed the four reasons: (1) Because they are sometimes _compared_; (2) Because they so to them; (3) Because the preposition _to_ or _unto_ is sometimes expressed after them; and (4) Because the words which _usually_ stand for thees, are clearly _adjectives_[367] But _like_, when it expresses sih_, when they express proxiree_, are _adverbs_

OBS 8--The word _worth_ is often followed by an objective, or a participle, which it appears to govern; as, ”If your argu to n is _worth_ ambition”--_Milton_ ”This is life indeed, life _worth_ preserving”--_Addison_ It is not easy to deters Dr Johnson calls it an _adjective_, but says nothing of the _object_ after it, which sooverned by _of_ understood In this supposition, it is gratuitously assumed, that _worth_ is equivalent to _worthy_, after which _of_ should be expressed; as, ”Whatsoever is _worthy of_ their love, is _worth_ their anger”--_Denham_

But as _worth_ appears to have no certain characteristic of an adjective, some call it a _noun_, and suppose a double ellipsis; as, ”'My knife is worth a shi+lling;' i e 'My knife is _of the_ worth of a shi+lling'”--_Kirkham's Gram_, p 163 ”'The book is worth that sum;' that is, 'The book is (_the_) worth (_of_) that _sum_;' 'It is worth _while_;'

that is, 'It is (_the_) worth (_of the_) while'”--_Nixon's Parser_, p 54

This is still less satisfactory;[368] and as the whole appears to be ood reason orth_ is not a _preposition_, governing the noun or participle[369] If an _adverb_ precede _worth_, itverb, as when it occurs before any other preposition: as, ”It _is richly worth_ the money”--”It _lies directly before_ your door” Or if we admit that an adverb so may be as true of other prepositions; as, ”And this is a lesson which, to the greatest part of ”--_Blair's Rhet_, p 303 ”He sees let down fro sword, hung by a single hair”--_Murray's E Reader_, p 33 See Exception 3d to Rule 21st

OBS 9--Both Dr Johnson and Horne Tooke, (who never agreed if they could help it,) unite in saying that _worth_, in the phrases, ”Wo _worth_ the man,”--”Wo _worth_ the day,” and the like, is from the imperative of the Saxon verb _wyrthan_ or _weorthan_, to _be_; i e, ”Wo _be_ [_to_] the man,” or, ”Wo _betide_ the man,” &c And the latter affirms, that, as the preposition _by_ is froh admitted to be sometimes from _withan_, to join,) is often no other than this same imperative verb _wyrth_ or _worth_: if so, the three words, _by, with_, and _worth_, were originally synonymous, and should now be referred at least to one and the saoverned as _Saxon verbs_, becolish prepositions_; and in this also they appear to be alike _Worth_, then, when it signifies _value_, is a cooverns an objective, and has the usual characteristics of a preposition Instances_valuable_ or _useful_, as in the following lines:

”They glow'd, and grew more intimate with God, _More worth to_ _, N ix, l 988

In one instance, the poet Campbell appears to have used the word _worthless_ as a preposition: