Part 102 (2/2)

OBS 14--Before the word _humble_, with its compounds and derivatives, so to their practice, in this instance, of sounding or suppressing the aspiration Webster and Jameson sound the _h_, and consequently prefer _a_; as, ”But _a hue is not always necessary to produce that effect”--_Ka is _a humble_ mind!”--_Christian Experience_, p

342 But Sheridan, Walker, Perry, Jones, and perhaps a majority of fashi+onable speakers, leave the _h_ silent, and would consequently say, ”_An hue,”--”_an humble_ mind,”--&c

OBS 15--An observance of the principles on which the article is to be repeated or not repeated in a sentence, is of very great moment in respect to accuracy of composition These principles are briefly stated in the notes below, but it is proper that the learner should know the reasons of the distinctions which are there made By a repetition of the article before several adjectives in the same construction, a repetition of the noun is implied; but without a repetition of the article, the adjectives, in all fairness of interpretation, are confined to one and the saures will render _a cold_ or _an e”--_Blair's Rhet_, p 134 Here the author speaks of a cold cos ”_The__are_ improperly mixed”--_Murray's Gram_, p 339 Here the verb are has two nominatives, one of which is expressed, and the other understood ”But _the_ third and _the_ last of these [forms] are seldom used”--_Adam's Lat Gram_, p 186 Here the verb ”_are used_” has two nominatives, both of which are understood; naain: ”_The original and present_ signification _is_ always retained”--_Dr Murray's Hist of Lang_, Vol ii, p 149 Here _one signification_ is characterized as being both original and present ”_A loose and verbose ust”--_Blair's Rhet_, p 261 That is, _one ive _a_ short and yet clear and plain answer to this proposition”--_Barclay's Works_, Vol i, p 533 That is, _one answer, short, clear, and plain_; for the conjunctions in the text connect nothing but the adjectives

OBS 16--To avoid repetition, even of the little word _the_, we sometimes, with one article, join _inconsistent_ qualities to a _plural noun_;--that is, when the adjectives so differ as to individualize the things, we so the article: as, ”_The_ north and south _poles_;” in stead of, ”_The_ north and _the_ south _pole_”--”_The_ indicative and potential _moods_;” in stead of ”_The_ indicative and _the_ potential _mood_”--”_The_ Old and New _Testaments_;”

in stead of, ”_The_ Old and _the_ New _Testament_” But, in any such case, to repeat the article when the noun is e blunder; because it iain, not to repeat the article when the noun is singular, is also wrong; because it forces the adjectives to coalesce in describing one and the sa

Thus, to say, ”_The_ north and south _pole_” is certainly wrong, unless wenorth and south; and again, to say, ”_The_ north and _the_ south _poles_,” is also wrong, unless we mean by it, _several poles at the north_ and _others at the south_ So the phrase, ”_The_ Old and New _Testa, because we have not _one Testaain, ”_The_ Old and _the_ New _Testa, because we have not several _Old Testaments and several New ones_: at least we have them not in the Bible

OBS 17--Sometimes a noun that _admits no article_, is preceded by adjectives that do not describe the sae_ together”--_Blair's Rhet_, p 146 This e_;” and, for the sake of perfect clearness, it would perhaps be better to express it so ”For as _intrinsic and relative beauty_ , it becomes a difficult task to attain _both_ in any perfection”--_Karnes, El of Crit_, Vol ii, p 330 That is, ”_intrinsic beauty_ and _relative beauty_” y would be better ”In correspondence to that distinction of _male and female sex_”--_Blair's Rhet_, p 74 This may be expressed as well or better, in half a dozen other ways; for the article may be added, or the noun may be made plural, with or without the article, and before or after the adjectives ”They make no distinction between causes of civil and criminal jurisdiction”-- _Adams's Rhet_, Vol i, p 302 This means--”between causes of civil and _causes_ of criht to have been so written,--or, still better, _thus_: ”They make no distinction between civil causes and criminal”

NOTES TO RULE I

NOTE I--When the indefinite article is required, _a_ should always be used before the sound of a consonant, and _an_, before that of a vowel; as, ”With the talents of _an_ angel, a _

NOTE II--The article _an_ or _a_ must never be so used as to relate, or even see sentence is therefore faulty: ”I invited her to spend a day in viewing _a seat and gardens_”--_Raardens”

NOTE III--When nouns are joined in construction, with different adjuncts, different dependence, or positive contrast, the article, if it belong at all to the latter,sentence is therefore inaccurate: ”She never considered the quality, but merit of her visitors”--_Wm Penn_ Say, ”_the_ merit” So the article in brackets is absolutely necessary to the sense and propriety of the following phrase, though not inserted by the learned author: ”The Latin introduced between the Conquest and [_the_] reign of Henry the Eighth”--_Fowler's E Gram_, 8vo, 1850, p 42

NOTE IV--When adjectives are connected, and the qualities belong to things individually different, though of the same name, the article should be repeated: as, ”_A_ black and _a_ white horse;”--i e, _two horses_, one black and the other white ”_The_ north and _the_ south line;”--i e, _two lines_, running east and west

NOTE V--When adjectives are connected, and the qualities all belong to the sas, the article should not be repeated: as, ”_A_ black and white horse;”--i e, _one_ horse, _piebald_ ”_The_ north and south line;”--i e, _one line_, running north and south, like a s of the sauished by adjectives that cannot unite to describe the sa, the article ular, and to the first only if the noun follow them in the plural: as, ”_The_ nominative and _the_ objective _case_;” or, ”_The_ nominative and objective _cases_”--”_The_ third, _the_ fifth, _the_ seventh, and _the_ eighth _chapter_;” or, ”_The_ third, fifth, seventh, and eighth _chapters_” [338]

NOTE VII--When two phrases of the same sentence have any special correspondence with each other, the article, if used in the foreneral required also in the latter: as, ”For ye know neither _the_ day nor _the_ hour”--_Matt_, xxv, 13 ”Neither _the_ cold nor _the_ fervid are formed for friendshi+p”--_Murray's Key_, p 209 ”The vail of the temple was rent in twain, from _the_ top to _the_ bottom”--_Matt_, xxvii, 51

NOTE VIII--When a special correspondence is formed between individual epithets, the noun which follows must not be made plural; because the article, in such a case, cannot be repeated as the construction of correspondents requires Thus, it is improper to say, ”Both _the_ first and second _editions_” or, ”Both _the_ first and _the_ second _editions_” for the accurate phrase, ”Both _the_ first and _the_ second _edition_;” and still worse to say, ”Neither _the_ Old nor New _Testaments_” or, ”Neither _the_ Old nor _the_ New _Testaments_” for the just expression, ”Neither _the_ Old nor _the_ New _Testament_” Yet we may say, ”Neither _the old_ nor _the new statutes_” or, ”Both _the early_ and _the late editions_;” for here the epithets severally apply to

NOTE IX--In a series of three or eneral be added either to every one, or else to the first only The following phrase is therefore inaccurate: ”Through their attention to the hel”--_Brown's Esti”

NOTE X--As the article _an_ or _a_ denotes ”_one thing of a kind_,” it should not be used as we use _the_, to denote eain, when the species is said to be _of the genus_, no article should be used to limit the latter Thus soht to say, ”_The jay_ is a sort _of bird_” Because it is absurd to suggest, that _one jay_ is _a sort_ of _one bird_ Yet we may say, ”_The jay_ is _a bird_,” or, ”_A jay_ is _a bird_;” because, as every species is one under the genus, so every individual is one under both

NOTE XI--The article should not be used before the names of virtues, vices, passions, arts, or sciences, in their general sense; before terms that are strictly linification is sufficiently definite without it: as, ”_Falsehood_ is odious”--”_Iron_ is useful”--”_Beauty_ is vain”--”_Admiration_ is useless, when it is not supported by _domestic worth_”--_Webster's Essays_, p 30

NOTE XII--When titles are s, merely as names or words; the article should not be used before them: as, ”He is styled _Marquis_;” not, ”_the_ Marquis,” or, ”_a_ Marquis,”--”Ought a teacher to call his pupil _Master_?”--”_Thames_ is derived from the Latin name _Tam~esis_”

NOTE XIII--When a comparison or an alternative is made with two nouns, if both of them refer to the same subject, the article should not be inserted before the latter; if to different subjects, it should not be omitted: thus, if we say, ”He is a better teacher than poet,” we compare different qualifications of the same man; but if we say, ”He is a better teacher than _a_ poet,” we speak of different ard to the same qualification

NOTE XIV--The definite article, or soenerally required before the antecedent to the pronoun _who_ or _which_ in a restrictive clause; as, ”All _the reed to it”--_W Allen's Graests are always plain and obvious ones”--_Blair's Rhet_, p

468 ”The _things which_ are impossible with men, are possible with God”--_Luke_, xviii, 27 See Etyy, Chap V, Obs 26th, &c, on Classes of pronouns

NOTE XV--The article is generally required in that construction which converts a participle into a verbal or participial noun; as, ”_The co-out of_ sin inherent, must be by the power and spirit of Christ in the heart”--_W_ unto all flesh”--_Isaiah_, lxvi, 24 ”For _the dedicating of_ the altar”--_Numb_, vii, 11

NOTE XVI--The article should not be added to any participle that is not taken in all other respects as a noun; as, ”For _the_ dedicating the altar”--”He e _the_, and let _dedicating_ and _giving_ here stand as participles only; for in the construction of nouns, they must have not only a definitive before them, but the preposition _of_ after them

NOTE XVII--The false syntax of articles properly includes every passage in which there is any faulty insertion, omission, choice, or position, of this part of speech For exaent and object change places”--_Lowth's Graent and _the_ object change places” ”Coenerally short”--_Russell's Gram_, p 87 Better: ”_The_ comparisons,” &c ”pronoun means _for noun_, and _is used_ to _avoid the_ too frequent repetition of _the_ noun”--_Infant School Gram_, p 89

Say rather: ”_The_ pronoun _is put_ for _a_ noun, and is used to _prevent_ too frequent a repetition of the noun” Or: ”_The word_ pronOUN means _for noun_; and _a pronoun_ is used to prevent too frequent a repetition of _some_ noun”

IMPROPRIETIES FOR CORRECTION FALSE SYNTAX UNDER RULE I

[Fist][The examples of False Syntax placed under the rules and notes, are to be corrected _orally_ by the pupil, according to the for to others framed in like manner, and adapted to the several notes]