Part 75 (1/2)
OBSERVATIONS
OBS 1--Those irregular verbs which have more than one form for the preterit or for the perfect participle, are in some sense redundant; but, as there is no occasion to make a distinct class of such as have double forular, these redundancies are either included in the preceding list of the si ilish Several exa both innovations and archais the improprieties for correction, at the end of this chapter A few old preterits or participles lish in the solemn style, which are not so in the familiar: as, ”And none _spake_ a word unto him”--_Job_, ii, 13 ”When I _brake_ the five loaves”--_Mark_, viii, 19 ”And he _drave_ theement-seat”--_Acts_, xviii, 16 ”Serve me till I have eaten and _drunken_”--_Luke_, xvii, 8 ”It was not possible that he should be _holden_ of it”--_Acts_, ii, 24 ”Thou _castedst_ them down into destruction”--_Psal_, lxxiii, 18 ”Behold, I was _shapen_ in iniquity”--_Ib_, li, 5 ”A_baken_ in the oven”--_Leviticus_, ii, 4
”With _casted_ slough, and fresh celerity”--SHAK, _Henry V_
”Thy dreadful vow, _loaden_ with death”--ADDISON: _in Joh Dict_
OBS 2--The verb _bet_ is given in Worcester's Dictionary, as being always regular: ”BET, _v a_ [_i_ BETTED; _pp_ BETTING, BETTED] To wager; to lay a wager or bet SHAK”--_Octavo Dict_ In Ainsworth's Graular: ”_Present_, Bet; _Ie 36 On the authority of these, and of some others cited in OBS 6th below, I have put it with the redundant verbs The verb _prove_ is redundant, if _proven_, which is noticed by Webster, Bolles, and Worcester, is an admissible word ”The participle _proven_ is used in Scotland and in soh rarely, in England--'There is a hty difference between _not proven_ and _disproven_' DR TH CHALMERS 'Not _proven_' QU REV”--_Worcester's Universal and Critical Dict_ The verbs _bless_ and _dress_ are to be considered redundant, according to the authority of Worcester, Webster, Bolles, and others Cobbett will have the verbs, _cast, chide, cling, draw, grow, shred, sling, slink, spring, sting, stride, swiular; but I find no sufficient authority for allowing to any of theular form; and therefore leave theulars These fourteen verbs are a part of the long list of _seventy_ which this author says, ”are, by so _nine_ only, is his assertion true; namely, _dip, help, load, overflow, slip, snow, staularly; for all their irregularities may well be reckoned obsolete
After these deductions froue, there remain forty-five other very common verbs, to be disposed of contrary to this author's instructions All but two of these I shall place in the list of _redundant_ verbs; though for the use of _throwed_ I find no written authority but his and William B Fowle's The thich I do not consider redundant are _spit_ and _strew_, of which it may be proper to take more particular notice
OBS 3--_Spit_, to stab, or to put upon a spit, is regular; as, ”I _spitted frogs_, I crushed a heap of eular, and , spit ”Spat_ is obsolete”--_Webster's Dict_ It is used in the Bible; as, ”He _spat_ on the ground, and ives this verb thus: ”Pres _Spit_; Imp _spit, spat_; Perf Part
_spit, spitten_” NOTE: ”_Spitten_ is nearly obsolete”--_Octavo Gram_, p
106 Sanborn has it thus: ”Pres _Spit_; I_; Perf Part _spit, spat_”--_analytical Gra it in the for the seventy which he so erroneously thought should be ulars, thus: ”to _spit_, I _spit, spitten_”--_Cobbett's E Gra the older forave it thus: ”_Spit, spat_ or _spit, spitten_ or _spit_”--_New Graives _spat_ as the preterimperfect, and _spit_ or _spitted_ as the participle of this verb, when it h with a pointed instruular; while, on the other hand, the regular fornifies to eject froh we find in _Luke_, xviii, 32, 'He shall be _spitted_ on'”--_Churchill's New Graht to have been, ”He shall be _spit_ upon”
OBS 4--_To strew_ is in fact nothing else than an otherthe verb _to strow_; as _shew_ is an obsolete form for _show_; but if we pronounce the two forms differently, we make them different words Walker, and some others, pronounce them alike, _stro_; Sheridan, Jones, Jauish them in utterance, _stroo_ and _stro_ This is convenient for the sake of rhyme, and perhaps therefore preferable But _strew_, I incline to think, is properly a regular verb only, though Wells and Worcester give it otherwise: if _strewn_ has ever been proper, it seems now to be obsolete EXAMPLES: ”Others cut down branches from the trees, and _strewed_ the where thou hast not _strewed_”--_Matt_, xxv, 24
”Their name, their years, _spelt_ by th' unletter'd _y supply; And many _a holy text_ around she _strews_, _That teach_ the rustic ive below, prepared with great care, exhibits the redundant verbs, as they are now generally used, or as they rammatical impropriety[291] Those forms which are supposed to be preferable, and best supported by authorities, are placed first No words are inserted here, but such as sonizes _bereaved, catched, dealed, digged, dwelled, hanged, knitted, shi+ned, spilled_; and, in his early editions, he approved of _bended, builded, creeped, weaved, worked, wringed_ His two larger books now tell us, ”The Compiler _has not inserted_ such verbs as _learnt, spelt, spilt_, &c which are improperly terminated by _t_, instead of _ed_”--_Octavo Gram_, p 107; _Duodecirammars, insert, ”_Spill, spilt_, R _spilt_, R,” (pp 106, 96,) preferring the irregular forular, somebody else has done it for him And, what is reenius, have contradicted theersoll, Fisk, Merchant, and Hart, republish exactly the foregoing words, and severally becoue! Kirkham prefers _spilt_ to _spilled_, and then declares the word to be ”_improperly_ terminated by _t_ instead of _ed_”--_Gram_, p 151 Greenleaf, who condemns _learnt_ and _spelt_, thinks _dwelt_ and _spilt_ are ”the _only established_ forular_”
verbs, as well as ”_irregular!_”--_Gram Simp_, p 29 Webber prefers _spilled_ to _spilt_; but Picket admits only the latter Cobbett and Sanborn prefer _bereaved, builded, dealed, digged, drea, drea_, and _knit_ The former prefers _creeped_ to _crept_, and _freezed_ to _froze_; the latter, _slitted_ to _slit, wringed_ to _wrung_; and both consider, ”_I bended_,”
”_I bursted_” and ”_I blowed_,” to be good es _freezed_ and _slided_; and, like Webster, prefers _hove_ to _hoven_: but the latter justly prefers _heaved_ to both EXAMP: ”The supple kinsues _slided_ me into the river”--_Shak_ ”And the sand _slided_ from beneath my feet”-- DR JOHNSON: _in Murray's Sequel_, p 179 ”Wherewith she _freez'd_ her foes to congeal'd stone”--_Milton's Coht Noas it that _freezed_ so hard?”--_Emmons's Gram_, p
25 ”Far hence lies, ever _freez'd_, the northern ht, _beseeched_, and shed abroad the Spirit unconfined?”--_Pollok's Course of Time_, B x, l 275
OBS 6--D Blair supposes _catched_ to be an ”erroneous” word and unauthorized: ”I _catch'd_ it,” for ”I _caught_ it,” he sets down for a ”_vulgarism_”--_E Gram_, p 111 But _catched_ is used by soular form of _creep_: ”creep, creeped _or_ crept, creeped _or_ crept”--_Columbian Gram_, p 38
I adopt nowithout exaht_, would be an endless task I shall do asthat they are so
It is to be rear_, use soentleman_ would be likely to avoid, unless he rand thief into God's fold; So since into his church lewd hirelings climb”
--_Milton, P L_, B iv, l 192
”He _shore_ his sheep, and, having packed the wool, Sent theuarded to the hill of wolves”
--_Pollok, C of T_, B vi, l 306
------”The King of heav'n Bar'd his red ar e felon _strook_”
--_Dryden_
OBS 7--The following are exaed below: ”Where etiquette and precedence _abided_ far away”--_Paulding's Westward-Ho!_ p 6 ”But there were no secrets where Mrs Judith Paddock _abided_”--_Ib_, p 8 ”They _abided_ by the forovernment established by the charters”--_John Quincy Adah in the course of my life”--_Id, Speech_, 1839 ”Present, _bide_, or _abide_; Past, _bode, or abode_”--_Coar's Gram_, p 104 ”I _awaked_ up last of all”--_Ecclus_, xxxiii, 16 ”For this are my knees _bended_ before the God of the spirits of all flesh”--_Wm Penn_ ”There was never a prince _bereaved_ of his dependencies,” &c--_Bacon_ ”Madam, you have _bereft_ me of all words”--_Shakspeare_ ”Reave, _reaved or reft_, reaving, _reaved or reft_
_Bereave_ is similar”--_Ward's Practical Gra ago _betid_”--_Shak_ ”Of every nation _blent_, and every age”--_Pollok, C of T_, B vii, p 153 ”Rider and horse,--friend, foe,--in one red burial _blent!_”--_Byron, Harold_, C iii, st 28 ”I _builded_ me houses”--_Ecclesiastes_, ii, 4 ”For every house is _builded_ by sos is God”--_Heb_
iii, 4 ”What thy hands _builded_ not, thy wisdoained”--_Milton's P
L_, X, 373 ”Present, _bet_; Past, _bet_; Participle, _bet_”-- _Mackintosh's Gram_, p 197; _Alexander's_, 38 ”John of Gaunt loved him well, and _betted_ much upon his head”--SHAKSPEARE: _Joh Dict, w Bet_
”He lost every earthly thing he _betted_”--PRIOR: _ib_ ”A seraph _kneeled_”--_Pollok, C T_, p 95
”At first, he declared he himself would be _blowed_, Ere his conscience with such a foul crime he would load”
--_J R Lowell_
”They are _catched_ without art or industry”--_Robertson's Amer_,-Vol i, p 302 ”Apt to be _catched_ and dazzled”--_Blair's Rhet_, p 26 ”The lion being _catched_ in a net”--_Art of Thinking_, p 232 ”In their self-will they _digged_ doall”--_Gen_, xlix, 6 ”The royal ht up her babe unharmed”-- _Trumbull's America_, i, 144 ”The learned have _diven_ into the secrets of nature”--CARNOT: _Colunorance in which they had slept”--_London Encyclopedia_ ”And he _slept_ and _dreamed_ the second time”--_Gen_, xli, 5 ”So I _awoke_”--_Ib_, 21 ”But he _hanged_ the chief baker”--_Gen_, xl, 22 ”Make as if you _hanged_ yourself”--ARBUTHNOT: _in Joh Dict_ ”_Graven_ by art and man's device”--_Acts_, xvii, 29 ”_Grav'd_ on the stone beneath yon aged thorn”--_Gray_ ”That the tooth of usury rinded_”--_Lord Bacon_
”MILN-EE, The hole frorinded_ corn falls into the chest below”--_Glossary of Craven_, London, 1828 ”UNGRUND, Not _grinded_”-- _Ibid_ ”And he _built_ the inner court with three rows of _hewed_ stone”--_1 Kings_, vi, 36 ”A thing by which _, Vol i, p 378 ”SCAGD or SCAD _”--_Ib_, i, 114 ”He only _e him to be an extraordinary person”--_Lowth's Gra is _meaned_”--_Ib_, p 11 ”If Hermia _mean'd_ to say Lysander lied”--_Shak_ ”As if I _meaned_ not the first but the second creation”--_Barclay's Works_, iii, 289 ”From some stones have rivers _bursted_ forth”--_Sale's Koran_, Vol i, p 14
”So move we on; I only _meant_ To show the reed on which you _leant_”--_Scott, L L_, C v, st 11