Part 52 (1/2)
and therefore _they_ [say _the pronoun and its antecedent_] should not be separated”--_Murray's Graersoll's_, 285; _Co, strictly applied, would exclude the comma before _who_ in the first example above; but, as the pronoun does not ”closely” or ih it is not much needed Not so, when the sense is resumptive: as, ”The _additions, which_ are very considerable, are chiefly _such as_ are calculated to obviate objections” See _Murray's Gra Without it, _which_ would be equivalent to _that_; with it, which is equivalent to _and they_ But this latter ine, cannot be expressed by the relative _that_
OBS 30--Into the unfortunate example which Sanborn took from Murray, I have inserted the coht, but because his rule requires it: ”_Self-denial_ is the _sacrifice_,” &c The author of ”a coht better contradict even Murray, than himself But as this text admired? and why have _Greene, Bullions, Hiley, Hart_, and others, also copied it? A _sacrifice_ is soood; and, _if Virtue sacrifice self-denial_, ill she do, but run into indulgence? The great sacrifice which she demands of men, is rather that of their _self-love_ Wm E Russell has it, ”_Self defence_ is the sacrifice which virtue ement of Murray's Gram_, p 116
Bishop Butler tells us, ”It is indeed _ridiculous_ to assert, that _self-denial is essential to virtue and piety_; but it would have been nearer the truth, though not strictly the truth itself, to have said, that it is essential to discipline and iion_, p
123
OBS 31--The relative _that_, though usually reckoned equivalent to _who_ or _which_, evidently differs froenerally, and perhaps ht therefore, for distinction's sake, to be preferred to _who_ or _which_, whenever an antecedent not otherwise limited, is to be restricted by the relative clause; as, ”_Men that_ grasp after riches, are never satisfied”--”I love _wisdo_, p 34 This phraseology leaves not the li to depend solely upon the absence of a pause after the antecedent; because the relative _that_ is seldoood writers in any other than a restrictive sense Again: ”A reat ”--_Addison, Spect_, No 411 Here, too, according to h a great critic, very widely known, has taken some pains to establish a different opinion The ”many pleasures” here spoken of, are no otherwise defined, than as being such as ”the vulgar are not capable of receiving” The writer did not reat ed to _which_, this would be theconveyed, unless the reader were very careful to avoid a pause where he would be apt to make one I therefore prefer Addison's expression to that which Dr Blair would substitute
OBS 32--The style of Addison is more than once censured by Dr Blair, for the frequency hich the relative _that_ occurs in it, where the learned lecturer would have used which The reasons assigned by the critic are these: ”_Which_ is anever employed in any other way than as a relative; whereas _that_ is a word of many senses; sometimes a demonstrative pronoun, often a conjunction In soed to use _that_ for a relative, in order to avoid the ungraceful repetition of _which_ in the same sentence But e are laid under no necessity of this kind, _which_ is always the preferable word, and certainly was so in this sentence: '_Pleasures which_ the vulgar are not capable of receiving,' is ar are not capable of receiving'”--_Blair's Rhetoric_, Lect
xx, p 200 Now the facts are these: (1) That _that_ is the more definitive or restrictive word of the two (2) That the word _which_ has as many different senses and uses as the word _that_ (3) That not the repetition of _which_ or _who_ in a series of clauses, but a _needless change_ of the relative, is ungraceful (4) That the necessity of using _that_ rather than _which_ or _who_, depends, not upon what is here supposed, but upon the different senses which these words usually convey
(5) That as there is always some reason of choice, _that_ is sometimes to be preferred; _which_, sometimes; and _who_, soht, or _who_ has taught long, or _who_ is able to point out defects in authors, _that_ is capable of enlightening the world in the respective sciences _which_ have engaged his attention; but the ht well”--_Kirkham's Elocution_, p 7
OBS 33--Blair's Rhetoric consists of forty-seven lectures; four of which are devoted to a critical examination of the style of Addison, as exhibited in four successive papers of the Spectator The re his work is made a common textbook for students of ”Belles Lettres,” it is a pity to find it so liable to reprehension on the score of inaccuracy Aes which are criticised in the twenty-first lecture, there is one in which the essayist speaks of the effects of _novelty_ as follows:
'It is this _which_ bestows charms on a monster, and makes even the imperfections of nature please us It is this _that_ recommends variety, where thenew, and the attention not suffered to dwell too long and waste itself on any particular object It is this, likewise, _that_ ireat or beautiful, and makes it afford the mind a double entertaine is deservedly praised by the critic, for its ”perspicuity, grace, and har different relatives under like circuood taste
Blair's remark is this: ”His frequent use of _that_, instead of _which_, is another peculiarity of his style; but, on this occasion in particular, [it]
cannot be much commended, as, 'It is this _which_,' seems, in every view, to be better than, 'It is this _that_,' three times repeated”--_Lect_ xxi, p 207 What is here meant by ”_every view_,”criticisreatly deceived, if, in this instance also, the relative _that_ is not better than _which_, and e The direct relative which corresponds to the introductory pronoun _it_ and _an other antecedent_, should, I think, be _that_, and not _who_ or _which_: as, ”It is not ye _that_ speak”--_Matt_, x, 20 ”It is thou, Lord, _who_ hast the hearts of all men in thy hands, _that_ turnest the hearts of any to show me favour”--_Jenks's Prayers_, p 278 Here _who_ has reference to _thou_ or _Lord_ only; but _that_ has sorees in person and gender with _thou_ A si observation; and I submit it to the reader, whether the word _that_, as it there occurs, is not the _only fit_ word for the place it occupies So in the following exanify actions and passions, and even things transient”--_Brightland's Gram_, p 100 ”It is the universal taste ofmodes, _that_ alone is entitled to possess any authority”--_Blair's Rhetoric_, p 286
OBS 34--Sometimes the broad import of an antecedent is _doubly restricted_, first by one relative clause, and then by an other; as, ”And all _that dwell upon the earth_, shall worshi+p him, _whose names are not written in the book of life_”--_Rev_, xiii, 8 ”And then, like true Thames-Watermen, they abuse every man _that_ passes by, _who_ is better dressed than themselves”--_Brown's Estiood as ”_who_;” for the connective only serves to carry the restriction into narrower limits Sometimes the limit fixed by one clause is _extended_ by an other; as, ”There is no evil _that you may suffer_, or _that you may expect to suffer, which_ prayer is not the appointed means to alleviate”--_Bickersteth, on Prayer_, p 16 Here _which_ resumes the idea of ”_evil_,” in the extent last determined; or rather, in that which is fixed by either clause, since the limits of both are e clauses, the same pronoun was requisite, on account of their joint relation; but the clause which assuhtly introduced by a different pronoun This is also the case in the following examples: ”For there is no condemnation to those _that_ are in Christ Jesus, _alk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit”--_Barclay's Works_, Vol i, p 432 ”I will tell thee the mystery of the woman, and of the beast _that_ carrieth her, _which_ hath the seven heads and ten horns”--_Rev_, xvii, 7 Here the restrictive sense is well expressed by one relative, and the resumptive by an other When neither of these senses is intended by the writer, _any_ forenius _which runs_ through the arts and sciences, takes a kind of tincture from them, and falls unavoidably into imitation”--_Addison, Spect_, No 160
Here, as I suppose, _which runs_ should be _in running_ What else can the author have ine, clearly shown the difference between the restrictive and the resumptive sense of a relative pronoun, and the absolute necessity ofsuch a choice of words as will express that sense only which we intend; I hope the learner will see, by these observations, not merely that clearness requires the occasional use of each of our five relatives, _hich, what, that_, and _as_; but that this distinction in the , is a very common principle by which to deterlish Thus _that_ and _as_ are appropriately our _restrictive_ relatives, though _who_ and _which_ are sometimes used restrictively; but, in a _resumptive_ sense, _who_ or _which_ is required, and required even after those terms which usually demand _that_ or _as_: thus, ”We are vexed at the unlucky chance, and go away dissatisfied _Such_ iht not to be cherished, are a sufficient reason for excluding stories of that kind from the theatre”--_Kames, El of Crit_, ii, 279 Here _which_ is proper to the sense intended; but _such_ requires _as_, when the latter ter of the for, _who_ or _which_ e or not, the reader e: ”You seize the critical moment _that_ is favorable to emotion”--_Bair's Rhet_, p 321 ”_An_ historian _that_ would instruct us, must knohen to be concise”--_Ib_, p 359 ”Seneca has been censured for the affectation _that_ appears in his style”--_Ib_, p 367
”Such as the prodigies _that_ attended the death of Julius Caesar”--_Ib_, p 401 ”By unfolding those principles _that_ ought to govern the taste of every individual”--_Kames's Dedication to El of Crit_ ”But I am sure he has that _that_ is better than an estate”--_Spect_, No 475 ”There are two properties, _that_ characterize and essentially distinguish relative pronouns”--_Churchill's Gram_, p 74 By these exaarded his own doctrine respecting the use of this relative; though he was oftener led, by the error of that doctrine, to substitute _which_ for _that_ improperly
OBS 36--_Whether_ was forative pronoun, in which sense it always referred to one of two things; as, ”Ye fools and blind! for _whether_ is greater, the gold, or the teold?”--_Matt_, xxiii, 17 This usage is now obsolete; and, in stead of it, we say, ”_Which_ is greater?” But as a disjunctive conjunction, corresponding to _or_, the word _whether_ is still in good repute; as, ”Resolve _whether_ you will go _or_ not”--_Webster's Dict_ In this sense of the term, some choose to call _whether_ an _adverb_
OBS 37--In the view of soative pronouns differ from relatives chiefly in this; that, as the subject referred to is unknown to the speaker, they do not relate to a _preceding_ noun, but to so which is to be expressed in the answer to the question It is certain that their _person, nuulated by an antecedent noun; but by what the speaker supposes or knows of a subject which ree with them in these respects: as, ”_What_ lies there?”
Answer, ”Two __, is of the third person, singular nuender; but _men_, which is the term that answers to it, is of the third person, plural, reement between the question and the answer, in any of those properties in which a pronoun usually agrees with its noun Yet soree with these ”_subsequents_,” as relatives agree with their _antecedents_ The answer, itin so with it _in case_; but this noun cannot be supposed to control the interrogation, nor is it, in any sense, the word for which the pronoun stands For every pronounthat is uttered or conceived by the same speaker; nor can any question be answered, until its ative pronouns must therefore be explained as direct substitutes for such other terht use in stead of theht that heav'n-directed spire to rise?
_The Man of Ross_, each lisping babe replies”--_Pope_
OBS 38--In the classification of the pronouns, and indeed in the whole treatrareatly at variance In some forty or fifty, which I have examined on this point, the feords which constitute this part of speech, have more than twenty different modes of distribution (1) Cardell says, ”There is but one kind of pronouns”--_Ele, and Weld, will have two kinds; ”_personal_ and _relative_” (3) Dr Webster's ”Substitutes, or pronouns, are of two kinds:” the one, ”called _personal_;” the other, without name or number
See his _Improved Gram_, p 24 (4) Many have fixed upon three sorts; ”_personal, relative_, and _adjective_;” with a subdivision of the last Of these is Lindley Murray, in his late editions, with his aer, Bacon, Bullions, Fisk, A Flint, Frost, Guy, Hall, Kirkham, Lennie, Merchant, Picket, Pond, and S Putnaes the order of the classes; thus, ”_personal, adjective_, and _relative_;” and, with ridiculous absurdity, makes _mine, thine, hers, ours, yours_, and _theirs_ to be ”_compounds_” (6) Churchill adopts the plan of ”_personal, relative_, and _adjective_ pronouns;” and then destroys it by a valid argument (7) Comly, Wilcox, Wells, and Perley, have these three classes; ”_personal, relative_, and _interrogative_:” and this division is right (8) Sanborn eneral_ divisions of pronouns are _into personal, relative, interrogative_, and _several sub-divisions_”--_analytical Gram_, p 91 (9) Jaudon has these three kinds; ”_personal, relative_, and _distributive_” (10) Robbins, these; ”_siative_” (11) Lindley Murray, in his early editions, had these four; ”_personal, possessive, relative_, and _adjective_” (12) Bucke has these; ”_personal, relative, interrogative_, and _adjective_” (13) Ingersoll, these; ”_personal, adjective, relative_, and _interrogative_” (14) Buchanan; ”_personal, deative_” (15) Coar; ”_personal, possessive_ or _pronominal adjectives, demonstrative_, and _relative_”
(16) Bicknell; ”_personal, possessive, relative_, and _demonstrative_”
(17) Cobbett; ”_personal, relative, demonstrative_, and _indefinite_”
(18) M'Culloch; ”_personal, possessive, relative_, and _reciprocal_” (19) Staniford has five; ”_personal, relative, interrogative, definitive_, and _distributive_” (20) Alexander, six; ”_personal, relative, deative, definitive_, and _adjective_” (21) Cooper, in 1828, had five; ”_personal, relative, possessive, definite_, and _indefinite_” (22) Cooper, in 1831, six; ”_personal, relative, definite, indefinite, possessive_, and _possessive pronominal adjectives_” (23) Dr Crombie says: ”pronouns may be divided into _Substantive_, and _Adjective; Personal_, and _Iative_” (24) Alden has seven sorts; ”_personal, possessive, relative, interrogative, distributive, demonstrative_, and _indefinite_” (25) R C Smith has many kinds, and treats them so badly that nobody can count them In respect to definitions, too, most of these writers are sha up of their classes is often as bad as the arrangeative pronouns to be relatives; but who that knohat a relative pronoun is, can coincide with theatives are strictly relatives;” and yet divides the two classes with his own hand!